發(fā)布時間：2018-04-20 08:32

  本文選題：共和 + 美國�。� 參考：《山東師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：18世紀晚期,在各種因素的合力之下,北美十三州殖民地爆發(fā)革命,并最終從大不列顛第一帝國獨立出來,成立了美利堅合眾國。在美國人民創(chuàng)立他們自己全新的共和國的政治實踐中,古典傳統(tǒng)發(fā)揮了不容忽視的關鍵作用。古典共和傳統(tǒng)為美國共和政體的建構提供了一種參照物和出發(fā)點,為共和概念在近代的重構提供了鮮活的語匯和堅實的基礎,古典傳統(tǒng)自身也在這個過程中煥發(fā)出了新的活力。本文首先按時間順序對古希臘的柏拉圖、亞里士多德、古羅馬的西塞羅以及文藝復興時期意大利的馬基雅維利等對西方共和政治思想之變遷有決定性影響的人物的共和觀念進行了粗略的梳理。通過這種梳理,建立了對北美殖民地建立之前共和概念流變的較為全面的認知。接下來,本文對美國建國初期政治實踐中古典傳統(tǒng)無處不在的原因進行了分析。古典傳統(tǒng)之所以在那個時期的美國具有極大影響,最重要的原因之一是美國教育體系中古典傳統(tǒng)相關內容的統(tǒng)治性地位,通過對幾個建國精英中的重要人物的觀點和教育背景以及北美殖民地時期教育體系的分析不難證實這一點。在證明了大規(guī)模使用古典傳統(tǒng)的可能性之后,需要論證的是這種使用的必要性。自羅馬帝國之后直到美國立國,分析其間存在過的共和國,無論是意大利諸城邦共和國,還是時代更為靠近的日內瓦與荷蘭,都不足以成為美國模仿的典范。再通過對北美殖民地與英國之間逐漸走向分裂的過程的分析,又將英國這唯一剩下的可能的榜樣移出了美國人的選擇之外,美國人轉而求助于古典傳統(tǒng)似乎也就成了一種必然。從以上兩方面的論證可知,美國完備的以古典傳統(tǒng)為主的教育體系,晚近的共和典范的稀缺以及與英國進行割裂的需要綜合起來,使得美國既有能力也有必要讓古典傳統(tǒng)在建國初期的政治實踐中發(fā)揮重要作用。這樣一來,對古典傳統(tǒng)與美國建國初期共和概念的重構及新的共和政體的確立之間的關系進行研究就有了一個切實可行的起點。從這個起點出發(fā),本文繼續(xù)對古典傳統(tǒng)在美國建國初期共和政體的確立與共和概念的重構這兩個相互影響、密切關聯(lián)的過程中的作用進行了較為具體的分析。這種分析首先涉及古典共和概念中至關重要的美德在美國建國初期的變化和商業(yè)利益這一古典傳統(tǒng)不曾納入考量的因素。然后以制憲會議上各個代表在辯論中的發(fā)言為線索,嘗試探討了古典傳統(tǒng)對當時美國人所認同的共和概念的差異與變化的影響,以及古典傳統(tǒng)在新的共和政體的設計之中所起的作用。文章最后提出,美國共和政體確立的過程可能是古典傳統(tǒng)對重要政治實踐的最后一次參與。在這之后,美國成為了新的共和典范,而古典傳統(tǒng)日益成為象牙塔中的小眾研究對象,其在政治實踐中的作用被新興的政治學等學科替代。
[Abstract]:In the late 18th century, under the combined forces of various factors, the 13 colonies of North America revolutionized and finally became independent from the first Reich of Great Britain and founded the United States of America. Classical tradition plays a key role in the political practice of the American people to create their own new republic. The classical Republican tradition provides a reference and a starting point for the construction of the American Republican polity, and provides a fresh vocabulary and solid foundation for the reconstruction of the Republican concept in modern times. In this paper, Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece are studied in chronological order. Cicero of ancient Rome and Machiavelli of Italy in Renaissance, etc. Through this sort of combing, the author established a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the concept of republic before the establishment of the North American colonies. Then, this paper analyzes the reasons why the classical tradition is ubiquitous in the political practice in the early days of the founding of the United States. One of the most important reasons why the classical tradition had great influence in the United States in that period was the dominant position of the relevant contents of the classical tradition in the American educational system. It is not difficult to prove this by analyzing the views and educational background of some important figures in the elite and the educational system of the North American colonial period. After proving the possibility of large-scale use of classical tradition, it is necessary to demonstrate the necessity of such use. From the Roman Empire to the founding of the United States, the analysis of the existing republics, whether the Italian states of the Republic, or the times closer to Geneva and the Netherlands, is not enough to serve as a model for the United States to imitate. Through the analysis of the process of the separation between the North American colonies and Britain, the only possible example of Britain was removed from the choice of the Americans, and it seemed inevitable that the Americans turned to the classical tradition. From the above two aspects, we can see that the complete American education system, which is dominated by classical tradition, the scarcity of recent Republican models, and the need to separate from the United Kingdom, It makes America both capable and necessary to allow classical tradition to play an important role in the political practice of the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China. Thus, the study of the relationship between the classical tradition, the reconstruction of the Republican concept and the establishment of a new republic in the early days of the founding of the United States has a practical starting point. From this starting point, this paper continues to make a more concrete analysis of the role of classical tradition in the process of the establishment of the Republican regime and the reconstruction of the Republican concept in the early days of the founding of the United States. This analysis involves, first of all, the changes of the essential virtues in the concept of the classical republic in the early years of the founding of the United States and the factor that the classical tradition did not take into account. Then, taking the speeches of the delegates in the Constituent Assembly as a clue, we try to explore the influence of the classical tradition on the differences and changes in the Republican concepts that Americans recognized at that time. And the role of classical traditions in the design of the new republic. Finally, it is suggested that the process of establishment of American republic may be the last participation of classical tradition in important political practice. After that, the United States became a new Republican model, while the classical tradition increasingly became the object of minority research in ivory tower, and its role in political practice was replaced by new disciplines such as political science.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K712.4

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