本文選題：山東問題 + 門戶開放政策��； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 山東問題是上世紀(jì)一、二十年代遠(yuǎn)東國際關(guān)系中的一個焦點(diǎn)問題,無論是在中國近代史還是在遠(yuǎn)東國際關(guān)系史上,都產(chǎn)生過重要影響。門戶開放政策是美國越過西半球,用自己的方式影響世界的最初嘗試。在當(dāng)前全球化的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中,仍不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它的影子。而國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界至今尚無人就山東問題與門戶開放政策的關(guān)系進(jìn)行專題性綜合研究。本文在全球史觀的指導(dǎo)下,在遠(yuǎn)東國際關(guān)系格局的宏觀框架內(nèi),論述了山東問題發(fā)生、發(fā)展、解決的全過程,闡明了美國的門戶開放政策對山東問題的影響,并以山東問題論證了門戶開放政策在這一歷史時期內(nèi)實(shí)施的特點(diǎn)、效果。 本文的主要觀點(diǎn)是:盡管山東問題經(jīng)歷了多國易手、微妙莫測的變化過程,美國針對山東問題所采取的行動也前后不一、令人費(fèi)解,但這只是問題的表象。實(shí)質(zhì)上美國在這一時期對華政策的大方針始終未變,它始終堅持不以武力為后盾的門戶開放政策,變化的只是國際關(guān)系的總體格局。本文主要分四章展開論述。 第一章考察了膠州租借地由德國易手于日本的國際背景及美國圍繞這一事件所做的反應(yīng)。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)伊始,日本便以履行“英日同盟”的義務(wù)為借口,匆忙對德國宣戰(zhàn),奪取了德國在中國膠州的租借地。德國自1898年開始在山東苦心經(jīng)營的勢力范圍隨之易手于日本。日本此舉不是偶然的反應(yīng),而是長期推行“大陸政策”的結(jié)果。而旨在對中國及亞太地區(qū)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)張侵略的“大陸政策”,又與美國在這一地區(qū)實(shí)行的傳統(tǒng)政策——“門戶開放”政策產(chǎn)生了沖突。然而,由于美國在遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)的實(shí)力和利益十分有限,面對日本強(qiáng)有力的挑戰(zhàn),美國的反應(yīng)十分謹(jǐn)慎。在僅僅做出了一點(diǎn)表面姿態(tài)之后,美國便知難而退,姑息了日本破壞遠(yuǎn)東均勢的行為。由于中國軟弱渙散至無力維護(hù)自己的權(quán)益,由于歐洲列強(qiáng)深陷戰(zhàn)爭泥潭無暇關(guān)注遠(yuǎn)東事務(wù),由于美國不愿為門戶開放政策付出太大的代價,日本發(fā)現(xiàn)“獨(dú)占中國的門戶洞開著”。 第二章考察了日本在戰(zhàn)時圍繞山東問題同列強(qiáng)開展的一系列秘密外交活動及美國圍繞日本挑戰(zhàn)其門戶開放政策的行為所進(jìn)行的力度有限的斗爭。為了使占據(jù)中國山東的行為“合法化”,日本先是向中國提出了“二十一條”要求,接著同歐洲列強(qiáng)簽訂了多項秘密條約,最后與中國達(dá)成了《關(guān)于山東問題的換文》。日本的這些戰(zhàn)時擴(kuò)張行為,既與美國倡導(dǎo)的“新外交”格格不入,又是對其門戶開放政策的變本加厲的挑戰(zhàn)。為此,美國同日本進(jìn)行了一系列的明爭暗斗,但大多以美國的外交失敗而告終。特別是雙方簽署的《蘭辛-石井協(xié)定》,更是美國在戰(zhàn)時向日本妥協(xié)的一個典型事例。由于美國維護(hù)其門戶開放政策的手段十分軟弱,到第一次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時,日本已在中國乃至整個遠(yuǎn)東取得了獨(dú)樹一幟的“優(yōu)越地位”。 第三章考察了在巴黎和會上美日圍繞山東問題展開的斗爭,并分析了美國在這一斗爭中失利的原因。在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后由戰(zhàn)勝國召集的巴黎和會上,美國開始向日本戰(zhàn)時在遠(yuǎn)東的擴(kuò)張行為發(fā)動反攻。而反攻的一項重要內(nèi)容就是支持中國收回山東權(quán)益。然而,由于戰(zhàn)時秘密條約的羈絆,更由于威爾遜總統(tǒng)建立國際聯(lián)盟的愿望超越了一切理想主義的主張,美國在日本“不取得山東就不在國際聯(lián)盟條約上簽字”的威脅面前再一次敗下陣來,違心地將德國在山東的一切權(quán)益轉(zhuǎn)讓給日本。中國以拒簽《凡爾賽條約》抗議這種無視國際正義的行為。值得玩味的是,威爾遜為實(shí)現(xiàn)國聯(lián)計劃出賣了山東,而山東問題反過來又成為美國國會否決國聯(lián)計劃的重要借口。 第四章考察了華盛頓會議上山東問題在門戶開放的大趨勢下得以較公正解決的過程和原因。巴黎和會沒有能夠解決遠(yuǎn)東國際關(guān)系問題。包括山東問題在內(nèi)的多個懸而未決的問題仍然影響著遠(yuǎn)東的和平與穩(wěn)定。為此,美國倡議召開了華盛頓會議。在這次會議上,美國的門戶開放政策被賦予新的更明確的解釋,“門戶開放”從此由一種政治原則上升為法律原則,并為列強(qiáng)以條約形式重新認(rèn)可。日本面對不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的國際大趨勢,被迫與中國簽訂了《解決山東懸案條約》,山東又回到中國的懷抱。但是,由于門戶開放政策的執(zhí)行沒有強(qiáng)制力的保障,它的矛盾性與妥協(xié)性依然存在,因而日本在中國的“特殊利益”并沒有完全消除。 本文從山東問題的發(fā)展過程得出結(jié)論:盡管美國維護(hù)門戶開放政策的愿望是始終如一的,但因國際關(guān)系格局變幻不定及門戶開放政策本身存在著諸多矛盾,因而美國在遠(yuǎn)東實(shí)施這一政策的實(shí)效是有限的。 本文的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)主要是首先就山東問題與門戶開放的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了專題性綜合研究,并發(fā)現(xiàn)了門戶開放政策存在著自身難以克服的重重矛盾。其中包括“機(jī)會均等”與“勢力范圍”的矛盾,目標(biāo)與手段的矛盾,責(zé)任與利益的矛盾,理想與現(xiàn)實(shí)的矛盾等,從而起到了為深化門戶開放政策研究添磚加瓦的作用。
[Abstract]:The problem of Shandong is a focus in the international relations between the first and the 1920s in the Far East , both in China ' s recent history and in the history of Far East International Relations . The open door policy is the first attempt by the United States to cross the western hemisphere and influence the world in its own way .


The main point of view of this paper is that , although the problem of Shandong has experienced many changes in the hands of many countries , the actions taken by the United States against Shandong are different , and it is only a problem . In essence , the United States has not changed its policy towards China in this period . It has always insisted that the open door policy of not using force as the backing is only the overall pattern of international relations . This article mainly focuses on four chapters .


The first chapter examines the international context and the response of the United States about the event in Japan . In the beginning of the First World War , Japan made a hasty declaration of war against Germany , seizing Germany ' s concession in the Chinese state . However , the U.S . response was very cautious in the face of a strong challenge to China and the Asia - Pacific region . However , as the country was weak and lax enough to maintain its interests , Japan found " the portal of the exclusive Chinese opening " because of the reluctance of the United States to pay too much for the open door policy .


In the second chapter , Japan has made a series of secret treaties with Japan in order to " legalise " a series of secret diplomatic activities carried out by Japan in wartime around Shandong and its open door policy around Japan . In the end , Japan has entered into a series of secret treaties with Japan .


In the third chapter , the United States began its struggle against the issue of Shandong in the United States on the United States and the United States , and analyzed the reasons why the United States had lost interest in this struggle . One of the important elements of the counter - offensive was to support China ' s withdrawal from Shandong ' s rights . However , since President Wilson ' s desire to establish the League of Nations transcended all idealists in the wake of the war - time secret treaty , the United States failed to protest against such disregard of international justice in Japan .


In the fourth chapter , the process and the cause of the more just settlement of the problem of Shandong in the open door of the Washington Conference have been examined . The United States initiative has not been able to solve the problem of Far East international relations . In this meeting , the United States initiative has been given a new and more explicit interpretation . In this regard , the United States initiative has been given a new and more explicit interpretation . In this regard , the United States initiative has been given a new and more explicit interpretation . In this regard , the United States initiative has been forced to enter into a settlement with China , which has returned to China . However , since the implementation of the open door policy is not guaranteed by coercive force , its contradiction and the proper existence remain , so the " special interest " of Japan in China has not been completely eliminated .


From the development process of Shandong , this paper concludes that although the desire to maintain the open door policy in the United States is always consistent , the effect of the United States on the implementation of this policy in the Far East is limited because of the contradictions between the changing patterns of international relations and the open door policy .


The innovation point of this paper is first to study the relationship between Shandong question and the open door , and find out that the open door policy has many contradictions which are difficult to overcome . These include the contradiction between " equal opportunity " and " potential scope " , the contradiction between the goal and the means , the contradiction between the responsibility and the interests , the contradiction between the ideal and reality , etc . , thus playing a role in deepening the open door policy research .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K261;K712.5

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 王艷華;美國在中國的利益追求新探[D];東北師范大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號：1776309