本文選題：猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì) + 蘇聯(lián)情報(bào)局��； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 蘇聯(lián)猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)是1942年4月在蘇聯(lián)戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都古比雪夫建立的一個(gè)半官方的猶太人反戰(zhàn)組織,目的是動(dòng)員全世界的猶太人積極行動(dòng)起來(lái)投入反法西斯主義的斗爭(zhēng)。在蘇聯(lián)情報(bào)局的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,它通過(guò)出版猶太人報(bào)紙(《團(tuán)結(jié)報(bào)》)、組織猶太人反法西斯群眾集會(huì)、向國(guó)外新聞機(jī)構(gòu)寄發(fā)宣傳材料、派代表團(tuán)出國(guó)訪問(wèn)等方式,不僅在西方盟國(guó)為蘇聯(lián)贏得了廣泛的同情和支持,而且為蘇聯(lián)紅軍和民眾爭(zhēng)取到大量寶貴的物資和金錢(qián)援助,對(duì)衛(wèi)國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利做出了重要的貢獻(xiàn)。但是,二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,隨著美蘇冷戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā),猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)在國(guó)內(nèi)不斷受到打壓。盡管它忠心耿耿,委曲求全,最終還是在1948年11月被蘇聯(lián)當(dāng)局以進(jìn)行反蘇宣傳、向國(guó)外情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)提供反蘇情報(bào)的罪名勒令解散。不久,其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人相繼被捕入獄,在受盡摧殘和折磨之后,于1952年8月被處以極刑,從而釀成了蘇聯(lián)歷史上的一大悲劇。本文試圖根據(jù)俄國(guó)最新解密的有關(guān)猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)的檔案材料,在充分吸收國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)這一問(wèn)題做一全面深入的專(zhuān)題研究,以期揭示這一歷史悲劇的真相。 本文共分為六章,加上引言和結(jié)語(yǔ)共八部分。引言部分主要介紹了本文選題的原因和意義、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究狀況、研究方法和擬解決的主要問(wèn)題。 第一章追溯了沙皇俄國(guó)時(shí)期猶太人的歷史狀況和1941年6月蘇德戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)前蘇聯(lián)政府對(duì)猶太人的政策,目的是闡明猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)悲劇發(fā)生的歷史根源。文章表明,猶太人反法西斯委員是在衛(wèi)國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期蘇聯(lián)嚴(yán)重失利的形勢(shì)下,在政府動(dòng)員和蘇聯(lián)民眾反法西斯熱情高漲的基礎(chǔ)上建立的,是猶太人愛(ài)國(guó)主義精神的反映。委員會(huì)的成員包括蘇聯(lián)猶太人當(dāng)中的著名作家、詩(shī)人、科學(xué)家、演員等社會(huì)名流。從表面上看,它是一個(gè)社會(huì)團(tuán)體,實(shí)際上,從成立伊始,它的一切活動(dòng)都處于蘇聯(lián)政府的嚴(yán)格控制之下。 第二章和第三章分別論述了猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)的主要活動(dòng)。因?yàn)槠^大,所以分成兩部分。第二章主要從猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)所召開(kāi)的三次猶太人反法西斯群眾大會(huì)、三次委員會(huì)全體會(huì)議和猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)代表團(tuán)出訪美國(guó)、英國(guó)、墨西哥和加拿大等方面詳細(xì)闡述了猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)對(duì)于蘇聯(lián)反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的重大貢獻(xiàn),這是猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)最輝煌的時(shí)期,也是本文的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。第三章從救助猶太同胞、復(fù)興猶太文化、建議在克里木成立猶太族共和國(guó)、接待國(guó)外猶太友人來(lái)訪以及與國(guó)內(nèi)反猶主義進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)等五個(gè)方面論述了猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)對(duì)于蘇聯(lián)猶太人命運(yùn)的關(guān)注。 第四章探討了美蘇冷戰(zhàn)對(duì)猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)命運(yùn)的影響。戰(zhàn)后,隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外形勢(shì)的發(fā)展變化,反猶主義開(kāi)始成為蘇聯(lián)官方的政策。蘇聯(lián)當(dāng)局對(duì)于猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)宣傳工作中的民族色彩以及它對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)猶太人事務(wù)的干預(yù)越來(lái)越難以容忍。委員會(huì)的對(duì)外交流活動(dòng)也受到嚴(yán)格限制,整個(gè)工作處于半癱瘓狀態(tài)。建立克里木猶太共和國(guó)的方案被廢棄,并且在后來(lái)成為指控猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)的主要罪證之一。冷戰(zhàn)全面爆發(fā)后,猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)主席米霍埃爾斯被斯大林以莫須有的罪名秘密殺害。1948年5月,以色列國(guó)建立,蘇聯(lián)猶太人的民族主義情緒空前高漲,猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)被推上潮頭浪尖。蘇聯(lián)當(dāng)局大為震驚,最終下令解散了這個(gè)在蘇聯(lián)國(guó)內(nèi)唯一具有代表性的猶太人組織。 第五章討論了《黑皮書(shū)》的編寫(xiě)和夭折過(guò)程�！逗谄�(shū)》是戰(zhàn)時(shí)猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)與國(guó)外猶太人組織合作的重要項(xiàng)目之一,目的是通過(guò)揭露納粹屠殺猶太人的暴行來(lái)激發(fā)國(guó)外猶太人的反法西斯熱情。但是,戰(zhàn)后由于國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì)發(fā)生變化,《黑皮書(shū)》的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)不合蘇聯(lián)當(dāng)局的胃口,結(jié)果在出版前夕被下令查封并銷(xiāo)毀。 第六章集中探討了“猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)案”。這一案件是在斯大林的授意下,由蘇聯(lián)國(guó)家安全部經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期準(zhǔn)備精心策劃的,是冷戰(zhàn)進(jìn)入第一次高潮時(shí)期蘇聯(lián)當(dāng)局反猶政策的集中表現(xiàn)。其目的是消滅猶太人的文化精英和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心。猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人被槍斃使這一悲劇達(dá)到高潮。在同一時(shí)期蘇聯(lián)當(dāng)局策劃的一系列反猶案件中,“猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)案”可以說(shuō)是一個(gè)核心案件,許多案件都與它有著直接和間接的聯(lián)系。震驚世界的“醫(yī)生陰謀”就是這一案件的延續(xù)和升級(jí)。斯大林的目的是流放整個(gè)蘇聯(lián)猶太民族,以便在與美國(guó)爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前消滅所謂的“第五縱隊(duì)”。 由于各種原因,“猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)案”的平反經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。直到1988年底,蘇共中央才最終為這一冤案的受害者恢復(fù)名譽(yù)。縱觀這一歷史悲劇,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),這是由斯大林體制、蘇聯(lián)的反猶主義傳統(tǒng)和斯大林的病態(tài)心理造成的惡果。它不僅導(dǎo)致成千上萬(wàn)的猶太人移民國(guó)外,破壞了蘇以關(guān)系,而且對(duì)世界社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生了非常不利的影響,為蘇聯(lián)解體埋下了隱患。猶太人反法西斯委員會(huì)的悲劇告訴我們,在一個(gè)多民族的國(guó)家,只有真正尊重每一個(gè)民族的權(quán)利,依法治國(guó),才能避免類(lèi)似的悲劇再度發(fā)生。
[Abstract]:The anti - fascist committee of the Soviet Union was a half - official anti - war organization founded in April 1942 in the capital of the Soviet Union in wartime . The aim is to mobilize the Jews in the world to join the struggle against France .


This paper is divided into six chapters , plus eight parts of introduction and conclusion . The introduction part mainly introduces the reasons and significance of the selection in this paper , the research situation at home and abroad , the research methods and the main problems to be solved .


The first chapter traces the historical situation of the Jews in the Czar ' s Russian period and the Soviet Union ' s policy of the Jews before the outbreak of the Soviet Union in June 1941 . The aim is to clarify the historical roots of the tragedy of the anti - fascist committee of the Jews . The article shows that the anti - fascist committee of the Jews was established on the basis of the great loss of the Soviet Union ' s anti - fascist committee . The members of the committee include famous writers , poets , scientists , actors and other celebrities in the Soviet Jews . From the surface , it is a social group . In fact , from the beginning , all its activities are under the strict control of the Soviet Union .


Chapter three discusses the major contribution of the anti - fascist committee of the Jews to the anti - fascist war of the Soviet Union , which is the most brilliant period of the anti - fascist committee of the Jews . Chapter Three discusses the Jewish anti - fascist committee ' s concern about the Jewish fate of the Soviet Union in five aspects , such as the rescue of Jewish compatriots , the revival of Jewish culture , the proposal to establish the Jewish community in Crimea , the reception of foreign Jewish friends and the struggle with domestic anti - Semitism .


In the aftermath of the war , anti - Semitism began to become the official policy of the Soviet Union . After the war , the Soviet authorities have been severely restricted by the development of the situation at home and abroad . The Soviet authorities have been severely restricted to the Jewish anti - fascist committee propaganda work , and the whole work is in a semi - paralyzed state . In May 1948 , the president of the Jewish anti - fascist committee was abandoned and later became one of the chief criminals accused of the anti - fascist committee of the Jews . In May 1948 , the Soviet authorities were shocked and finally ordered the dissolution of the only representative Jewish organization in the Soviet Union .


In the fifth chapter , the author discusses the writing and the dying process of the Jewish black book , which is one of the important items of cooperation between the anti - fascist committee and the foreign Jewish organizations in wartime . The aim is to inspire the anti - fascist enthusiasm of the foreign Jews by exposing the atrocities committed by the Nazis . However , after the war , the contents of the black book have not been the appetite of the Soviet authorities , and the results were ordered to be sealed and destroyed on the eve of the publication .


Chapter 6 focuses on the " anti - fascist committee of the Jews " . The case is a centralized expression of the anti - Semitism policy of the Soviet authorities during the first climax of the cold war . The aim is to wipe out the cultural elite and leadership of the Jews . In a series of anti - Semitism cases planned by the Soviet authorities in the same period , the Jewish anti - fascist committee can be said to be a core case , and many cases have a direct and indirect connection with it . The purpose of Stalin was to lay down the entire Soviet Union in order to rid the so - called " fifth column " before the outbreak of war with the United States .


For various reasons , the anti - fascist committee of the Jews has experienced a long process . Until the end of 1988 , the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union finally restored the reputation of the victims of the grievances . It has not only caused thousands of Jews to immigrate abroad , but also have a very negative impact on the movement of the Soviet Union . The tragedy of the anti - fascist committee of the Jews tells us that , in a multi - ethnic State , only the right of every nation is truly respected , and the rule of law is governed by law in order to avoid the recurrence of similar tragedies .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K512.5

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