發(fā)布時間：2018-04-06 00:42

  本文選題：公平施政　切入點：旗幟　出處：《華東師范大學》2004年博士論文

【摘要】：杜魯門繼任總統(tǒng)后，在內(nèi)政方面，頂住保守派的巨大壓力，繼承羅斯福的政治遺產(chǎn)，提出了公平施政綱領(lǐng)。公平施政不僅捍衛(wèi)了羅斯福新政的成果，而且還在繼承新政成果的基礎(chǔ)上對新政加以完善和拓展，是美國20世紀新自由主義改革史上一個承前啟后的重要階段。公平施政對促進社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、提高美國人民物質(zhì)文明生活水平、實現(xiàn)更大程度的種族平等、使美國進一步向福利國家邁進等方面都起了積極作用。正是杜魯門的公平施政，才傳承了美國20世紀的新自由主義改革，把美國社會推上新的發(fā)展臺階。因此，本文以《在“公平施政”的旗幟下——杜魯門政府內(nèi)政研究》為題，力圖對杜魯門的公平施政作一個全面的論述。 全文約22萬字，共分為7個部分，即緒言、第一章公平施政綱領(lǐng)的出臺及背景、第二章憲政制度的完善和政府機構(gòu)改革、第三章杜魯門政府的公民權(quán)利問題、第四章杜魯門政府的經(jīng)濟政策、第五章杜魯門政府的社會保障政策和結(jié)束語。 緒言部分簡要介紹了本課題的研究意義、杜魯門的生平及其所處的時代、國內(nèi)外史學界對本課題的研究現(xiàn)狀以及本文寫作的初衷。 第一章公平施政綱領(lǐng)的出臺及背景。本章先介紹杜魯門繼任總統(tǒng)時所面對的國際國內(nèi)局勢，特別是在國內(nèi)政治和經(jīng)濟方面所遇到的一系列難題。然后敘述杜魯門公平施政綱領(lǐng)的主要內(nèi)容及其演變過程。 在大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時，杜魯門向國會提出了包括政府機構(gòu)改革、充分就業(yè)、擴大社會保障、解決公共住房等計劃在內(nèi)的21點綱領(lǐng)，從而拉開了“公平施政”的序幕。1948年競選連任成功后，杜魯門在其1949年的年度國情咨文中，把過去各種建議綜合起來，形成一個更廣泛、更系統(tǒng)、更具體的計劃，正式提出了“公平施政”的口號。從此，“公平施政”就如羅斯福的“新政”一樣，成為杜魯門政府內(nèi)政綱領(lǐng)的標志。公平施政是羅斯福新政的繼續(xù)和發(fā)展，公平施政是20世紀初以來美國新自由主義改革的一個承前啟后的歷史階段。 最后再分析杜魯門提出公平施政的三個因素：杜魯門個人政治上的需要、杜魯門個人政治信仰的反映以及杜魯門政府對外政策的必然要求。 第二章憲政制度的完善和政府機構(gòu)改革。本章介紹杜魯門對國家機器進行的必要調(diào)整，即對政府機構(gòu)進行了一系列的改革，并完善了美國的憲政制度。 杜魯門修改了美國總統(tǒng)繼任制的有關(guān)規(guī)定，進一步擴大總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力，特別是在立法、外交等方面的權(quán)力，從而完善了美國的憲政制度。 杜魯門的政府機構(gòu)改革包括裁減戰(zhàn)時機構(gòu)和改組、增設一些新機構(gòu)兩個層面。杜魯門把政府機構(gòu)改革作為公平施政的一個重要內(nèi)容，大力裁減在新政和戰(zhàn)爭期間設立的一些政府機構(gòu)，提高辦事效率，減輕政府負擔。同時根據(jù)形勢的需要，增設國防部、中央情報局、國家安全委員會、原子能委員會、參謀長聯(lián)席會議、經(jīng)濟顧問委員會等一些重要機構(gòu)，使美國政府行政機制得到進一步完善，更加適應時代的要求。 杜魯門進行的政府機構(gòu)改革使美國政府的決策機制更加完善，決策程序更加 規(guī)范，更具有科學性和民主性。同時，總統(tǒng)權(quán)力的擴大提高了總統(tǒng)解決日益復雜、 廣泛的社會、政治、經(jīng)濟問題的能力，完善了美國的憲政制度，這些都對戰(zhàn)后美 國的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。 第三章杜魯門政府的公民權(quán)利問題。本章介紹杜魯門時期同公民權(quán)利有關(guān)的 三個問題:聯(lián)邦雇員忠誠調(diào)查計劃、同麥卡錫主義的斗爭、黑人民權(quán)狀況的改善。 杜魯門之所以在任內(nèi)進行忠誠調(diào)查，既是美國反共產(chǎn)主義傳統(tǒng)的反映，也是 杜魯門與保守派、特別是同共和黨進行政治斗爭的需要，同時也與杜魯門自己對 這一問題的認識有關(guān)。忠誠調(diào)查在實施的過程逐步升級并越來越多地侵犯公民的 自由民主權(quán)利，這是杜魯門不愿看到的。杜魯門雖然也是個堅決的反共產(chǎn)主義者，， 但是，他同共和黨人對形勢的判斷完全不同，認為國內(nèi)不存在著共產(chǎn)主義顛覆的 危險。杜魯門進行忠誠調(diào)查初衷是為了駁斥共和黨對民主黨政府對“共產(chǎn)主義軟 弱”的指責，希望在不剝奪個人權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)上來確保美國的國家安全。當杜魯門 感到忠誠調(diào)查對公民自由的威脅越來越大時，己經(jīng)無法按照自己的意愿去改變它 了。這是杜魯門最悲哀的地方。 同麥卡錫主義的斗爭是本章的第二部分內(nèi)容。麥卡錫主義是麥卡錫等在美國 政治和社會生活中掀起的一股反動政治潮流。杜魯門對麥卡錫主義日益泛濫的非 常痛心，也試圖與之進行斗爭，但收效甚微。 黑人民權(quán)狀況的改善是本章的第三部分內(nèi)容。在黑人民權(quán)運動日漸高漲的背 景下，杜魯門在民權(quán)問題上采取一些重要措施，其力度大大超過了羅斯福時代。 杜魯門建立“總統(tǒng)民權(quán)委員會”對民權(quán)狀況進行全面調(diào)查，該委員會經(jīng)調(diào)查提出 了《為保障這些權(quán)利》的報告，產(chǎn)生了巨大的反響。在委員會報告的基礎(chǔ)上，杜 魯門向國會提交了關(guān)于民權(quán)問題的立法的10點綱領(lǐng)。此外，杜魯門還以頒布總 統(tǒng)行政命令的方式繞過國會保守派的阻撓，取消了軍隊中的種族歧視和種族隔 離。在杜魯門政府的影響下，美國最高法院在幾個有關(guān)民權(quán)的訴訟中做出了有利 于黑人的判決，為最終廢除“隔離但平等”的原則創(chuàng)造了條件。 第四章杜魯門政府的經(jīng)濟政策。在經(jīng)濟方面，杜魯門順應20
[Abstract]:The fair administration not only defended the achievements of Roosevelt ' s New Deal , but also inherited the achievements of the New Deal . It has inherited the new liberalism reform in the 20th century . It has inherited the new liberalism reform in the 20th century .








The whole paper is divided into 7 parts , namely introduction , the introduction and the background of the first - chapter fair administration program , the perfection of the constitutional government system in chapter II and the reform of the government institutions , the civil rights of the government of the third chapter , and the social security policy and the conclusion of the fourth chapter .








The introduction part briefly introduces the research significance of the subject , the life and the life of the Du Lu and the times in which it is located , the present research status of the subject and the original intention of this paper .








Chapter One introduces the introduction and background of the fair administration programme . This chapter introduces the international situation , especially in the domestic politics and economy , faced by the successor to the President , and then describes the main contents and the evolution of the fair administration of the Durougate .








At the end of the war , Du Rumen put forward a 21 - point programme , including reform of government institutions , full employment , expansion of social security , settlement of public housing and so on , thus pulling apart the slogan of " fair administration " . After the election in 1948 , as the slogan of Roosevelt ' s New Deal , the fair administration is the continuation and development of Roosevelt ' s new government , and the fair administration is a pioneering historical stage of the reform of American neo - liberalism since the beginning of the 20th century .








Finally , the author analyzes the three factors which put forward the fair administration by Du Rumen : the political needs of the individual politics , the reflection of the political beliefs of the individual and the inevitable requirement of the government ' s foreign policy .








The second chapter introduces the reform of the constitutional government system and the reform of the government institutions . This chapter introduces the necessary adjustment to the state machine by Du Rumen , that is , a series of reforms to the government institutions and the improvement of the constitutional system of the United States .








The system of constitutional government in the United States has been perfected by the amendment of the relevant provisions of the President ' s succession system , further expanding the powers of the President , in particular in legislation , diplomacy and the like .








At the same time , according to the needs of the situation , the establishment of some important institutions such as the Ministry of Defence , the Central Intelligence Agency , the National Security Council , the Atomic Energy Commission , the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Meetings and the Economic Advisers Committee has been set up to further improve the administrative machinery of the United States Government and meet the requirements of the times .

















The reform of government institutions made by Du Rumen has made the decision - making mechanism of the U.S . government more perfect , and the decision - making process is more








in that meantime , the enlargement of the pow of the president has raised the complexity of the president ' s settlement ,








A wide range of social , political , economic problems , perfect the constitutional system of the United States , these are all for the post - war beauty








The country ' s development has had a far - reaching impact .








Chapter Three : The Civil Rights of the Government of Dalumen . This chapter describes the issues related to civil rights in the period of the period in the period of Dalumen .








Three questions : the federal employee loyalty survey program , the fight against mccatin , the improvement of the black people ' s rights situation .








It is the reflection of the anti - communist tradition of the United States , which is a reflection of the anti - communist tradition of the United States .








The demands of the political struggle with conservatives , especially the Republicans , are also linked to the Duke himself .








Awareness of the problem is related to the gradual escalation of the process of loyalty investigation and the increasing number of violations of citizens








The right to freedom of democracy , which was not a vision of the city , was a firm anti - communist ,








But he ' s completely different from Republicans about the situation , arguing that there is no communism subversive in the country .








It ' s dangerous . Mr . Douchi ' s loyalty survey was designed to disprove the Republican opposition to the Democratic government against " communism . " Weakly " criticism , hoping to ensure the national security of the United States on the basis of not denying the individual ' s rights .








When the threat of a loyalty investigation to civil liberties is increasing , it is impossible to change it in accordance with his own will








It ' s the saddest place in the city .








The struggle with Macartin is part of the second part of this chapter . It ' s mccartin and so on in the united states .








A wave of reactionary political power in political and social life .








It is often painful to try to fight it , but it has little effect .








The improvement of black people ' s civil rights situation is the third part of this chapter .








Under the scene , the Duolumen took some important measures on the issue of civil rights , which greatly exceeded the Roosevelt era .








The establishment of a comprehensive investigation into the situation of civil rights by the Committee on the Rights of the President , which was proposed by the Committee








The report of the Commission on the guarantee of these rights has produced a loud echo . On the basis of the report of the Committee , Du








Mr . Rumen submitted a 10 - point programme of legislation on the issue of civil rights to Congress .








The system of administrative orders circumvents conservatives in Congress , eliminating racial discrimination and racial segregation in the army .








The Supreme Court of the United States , under the influence of the government of Doubles , has taken advantage in several proceedings on civil rights .








The judgment of blacks created conditions for the eventual repeal of the principle of " isolation but equality " .








Chapter IV . The economic policy of the Government of the Republic of Peru . In the economic aspect , Mr . Du Rumen complied with 20

【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K712

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條

1 楊維;戰(zhàn)后初期美國戰(zhàn)時經(jīng)濟向和平經(jīng)濟的轉(zhuǎn)變[D];湖南師范大學;2007年

本文編號：1717237