本文選題：城市老板　切入點：坦慕尼廳　出處：《華東師范大學》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： “城市老板”政治作為19世紀中后期到20世紀上半期美國城市政治中一種特殊的現(xiàn)象,其產(chǎn)生有著特定的社會歷史根源和復雜的現(xiàn)實緣由。城市的飛速無計劃擴展、城市政府行政權力的無為、政黨分肥制的盛行、移民和農(nóng)民大量涌入城市、公民對政治的漠視等等都造成了城市社會的分裂和城市權力的“真空”,給職業(yè)政客掌握城市政權提供了機遇。 “坦慕尼廳”(Tammany Hall)作為美國老板政治的典型,以其幕后交易、貪污腐敗、選舉舞弊等對城市發(fā)展的負面影響為人所詬病,進步派人士和社會改革者將其作為阻撓市政改革和城市民主政治發(fā)展的主要敵人,然而坦慕尼廳卻能夠在這些反對者的呼聲中不斷取得選舉勝利,掌握紐約市政大權70余年(1860-1930年代)。本文從紐約坦慕尼廳老板-政治機器體制和愛爾蘭移民對坦慕尼廳政治影響兩個角度來探尋坦慕尼廳在紐約取得成功的原因,同時也試圖以此為出發(fā)點對整個“城市老板”政治作重新評價。 全文共分三大部分,即導言、正文和結語。 導言部分首先簡要介紹美國“城市老板”出現(xiàn)的直接原因以及坦慕尼廳在紐約的概況。然后回顧和綜述本課題既有的國內(nèi)外研究成果,總結其研究的價值和不足。 正文部分共三章: 第一章首先從美國城市問題的產(chǎn)生入手探討“城市老板”政治的形成原因,其次介紹老板政治的典型——“坦慕尼廳”是如何由一個慈善組織成長為紐約的政治機器,從而初步形成坦慕尼廳的“老板-機器體制”。 第二章具體研究坦慕尼廳老板-機器體制的運作,包括其體制的構成、老板在其中扮演的重要角色、體制的有效運作,由此可以看出坦慕尼廳與社區(qū)選民之間的親密關系是決定其在選舉中獲勝的重要原因。 第三章從愛爾蘭移民對坦慕尼廳的影響來剖析坦慕尼廳的政治乎段和體制運作方式。愛爾蘭移民的政治傳統(tǒng)對坦慕尼廳政治運作方式有著重要的影響,第一代愛爾蘭移民和19世紀70年代之后愛爾蘭移民后裔對坦慕尼廳的不同影響反映了坦慕尼廳為生存而不斷自我革新。 結語部分從總體上重新評判以坦慕尼廳為代表的老板政治,說明老板政治的出現(xiàn)是各種社會因素結合碰撞的結果。對愛爾蘭移民政治上的功過是非也應該從多角度來分析,老板政治體制的運作從某種程度上講也是行之有效的。
[Abstract]:As a special phenomenon in American urban politics from the middle and late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the politics of "urban boss" has its specific social and historical roots and complicated realistic reasons. With the lack of administrative power of urban governments, the prevalence of partitioning of political parties, the influx of immigrants and farmers into the cities, Citizens' disregard for politics and so on have caused the division of urban society and the "vacuum" of urban power, which provides an opportunity for professional politicians to seize the power of the city. Tammany Hallis, a typical American boss, has been criticized for the negative effects of behind-the-scenes trading, corruption, and election fraud on urban development. Progressives and social reformers see it as the main enemy of obstructing municipal reforms and the development of urban democracy, but Tamuni Hall has been able to win elections amid the voices of these opponents. This paper explores the reasons for Tamuni Hall's success in New York City from two angles: the owner of Tamuni Hall, the political machine system, and the political influence of Irish immigrants on Tamuni Hall. At the same time, it also tries to reevaluate the whole city boss politics. The full text is divided into three parts, namely the introduction, the text and the conclusion. The introduction first briefly introduces the direct causes of the emergence of "City Boss" in the United States and the general situation of Tamuni Hall in New York, then reviews and summarizes the existing domestic and foreign research results of this subject, and summarizes the value and deficiency of its research. There are three chapters in the text:. The first chapter begins with the emergence of urban problems in the United States and discusses the reasons for the formation of "city boss" politics, and then introduces how "Tamuni Hall" has grown from a charitable organization to a political machine in New York. Thus the initial formation of Tamuni Hall, the "boss-machine system." The second chapter specifically studies the operation of Tampuni Hall's proprietor-machine system, including the composition of its system, the important role played by the boss, and the effective operation of the system. Thus, the intimate relationship between Tamuni Hall and community voters is an important reason for their victory in the election. In the third chapter, the author analyzes the influence of Irish immigrants on Tamuni Hall. The political tradition of Irish immigrants has an important influence on Tamuni Hall's political operation. The different influences of the first generation of Irish immigrants and the descendants of Irish immigrants after the 1870s on Tamuni Hall reflect the constant innovation of Tamuni Hall in order to survive. The conclusion part generally re-judges the boss politics represented by Tamuni Hall, which shows that the emergence of boss politics is the result of the combination of various social factors. The political merits and demerits of Irish immigrants should also be analyzed from many angles. The boss's political system works to some extent.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K712

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