本文選題：啟蒙運動　切入點：早期浪漫派　出處：《湘潭大學》2009年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 18世紀啟蒙運動作為西方繼文藝復(fù)興之后第二次聲勢浩大的思想文化解放運動彪炳史冊。德國啟蒙運動作為整個歐洲啟蒙運動的一個側(cè)面,基于特殊的歷史條件,表現(xiàn)出德國的社會轉(zhuǎn)型思想特點——浪漫主義。 德國啟蒙運動主要經(jīng)歷了三個發(fā)展階段。17世紀末德國啟蒙運動開始,用理性主義為武器攻擊虔敬主義神學;18世紀中葉,德國啟蒙運動發(fā)展并進行自我反思,反對封建君主所提倡的理性主義,用浪漫主義反對本國的封建專制和壓迫;18世紀末至十九世紀初,德國啟蒙運動向前推進并進入浪漫主義時期,法國大革命的后果和拿破侖的入侵戰(zhàn)爭使得人們反思法國革命的理論模式——理性主義。早期浪漫派是這一時代的思想先鋒,他們不但繼承和發(fā)揚了德國啟蒙思想家的思想,而且在喚醒德意志民族意識、構(gòu)建德意志民族國家的政治探索方面作出了突出的貢獻,加快了德國民族主義的前進腳步。 德國啟蒙思想家與早期浪漫派都是在四分五裂的德國社會中成長起來的,他們都渴望改變現(xiàn)狀,渴望完成祖國的統(tǒng)一。由于德國資本主義工商業(yè)發(fā)展緩慢,德國資產(chǎn)階級力量先天不足,他們不可能也沒有力量把發(fā)動資產(chǎn)階級革命作為斗爭目標,因而不像英法啟蒙思想家那樣廣泛探討政治法律等社會問題。然而,作為時代的理論先鋒,他們具有強烈的使命感。在哲學、文學、藝術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得了豐碩成果,彰顯了他們思想的共生性。 德國啟蒙運動除了具有整個歐美啟蒙運動思潮的基本特征——理性和相信進步之外,還具有自己的思想特點。托馬西烏斯等啟蒙思想家最初以理性主義為陣地。隨著德國啟蒙運動的推進,啟蒙思想家認識到理性主義的缺陷,進而開始反思。他們認識到“情感”的重要性,情感應(yīng)該與理性互補互益,共同促進人類的進步。這種對情感與理性的雙重重視,鑄就了德國啟蒙運動的思維方式。哈曼,赫爾德開其端,歌德、席勒將其向前推進,在早期浪漫派那里迎來了高潮。浪漫主義在文化領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展應(yīng)用,也推動了德國民族主義的發(fā)展。它們一起構(gòu)成了德國啟蒙運動的獨特內(nèi)涵。 德國早期浪漫派的政治探索,體現(xiàn)了德國啟蒙運動的思想特點——浪漫主義,深化了啟蒙運動的主旨,推動了德國民族主義的發(fā)展,揭示了世界各國由傳統(tǒng)向現(xiàn)代社會發(fā)展道路的多元性,具有深遠的歷史意義。
[Abstract]:In 18th century, the Enlightenment was the second great ideological and cultural liberation movement in the West after the Renaissance. As a side of the European Enlightenment, the German Enlightenment was based on special historical conditions. It shows the characteristics of German social transformation thought-Romanticism. The German Enlightenment mainly experienced three stages of development. At the end of the 17th century, the German Enlightenment began to attack the theology of Lashinism with rationalism as a weapon. In the middle of the 18th century, the German Enlightenment developed and reconsidered itself. Against the rationalism advocated by feudal monarchs and against the feudal autocracy and oppression in their own country with romanticism. From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of 19th century, the German Enlightenment advanced and entered the Romantic period. The consequences of the French Revolution and Napoleon's invasion made people reflect on the theoretical model of the French Revolution-rationalism. The early romanticism was the vanguard of this era, and they not only inherited and carried forward the ideas of the German Enlightenment thinkers. Moreover, it has made outstanding contribution in arousing the national consciousness and constructing the political exploration of the German nation state, thus quickening the pace of German nationalism. German Enlightenment thinkers and early romantics grew up in a divided German society, eager to change the status quo, to complete the reunification of the motherland, because of the slow development of German capitalist industry and commerce, The German bourgeois forces are inherently deficient, and they cannot and do not have the strength to make launching the bourgeois revolution their struggle objective, and therefore they do not extensively discuss social issues such as politics and law, as did the thinkers of the British and French Enlightenment. As the theoretical vanguard of the times, they have a strong sense of mission. They have made fruitful achievements in the fields of philosophy, literature, art and so on, showing the symbiosis of their thoughts. In addition to having the basic characteristics of the whole European and American Enlightenment, the German Enlightenment was rational and believed in progress. With the advance of the German Enlightenment, the Enlightenment thinkers realized the defects of rationalism. Then they began to reflect. They realized the importance of "emotion" and that emotion and reason should complement each other to promote the progress of mankind. This dual emphasis on emotion and reason shaped the way of thinking of the German Enlightenment. Herd opened it up, Goethe and Schiller pushed it forward, culminating in the early Romantics. The development and application of romanticism in the field of culture, It also promoted the development of German nationalism, which together constituted the unique connotation of the German Enlightenment. The political exploration of the early German Romanticism embodied the ideological characteristics of the German Enlightenment-Romanticism, deepened the purport of the Enlightenment, and promoted the development of German nationalism. It has profound historical significance to reveal the diversity of the development road from tradition to modern society in the world.
【學位授予單位】：湘潭大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K516

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