本文選題：迪斯累里　切入點(diǎn)：托利民主　出處：《首都師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 18世紀(jì)中期以后,英國工業(yè)化產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)矛盾逐漸暴露出來:貧富差距懸殊,失業(yè)狀況嚴(yán)重,環(huán)境污染及與之相關(guān)疾病肆虐,工人住房簡(jiǎn)陋造成國民健康狀況下降,資本家進(jìn)行殘酷剝削而不受法律制裁等等,廣大下層民眾對(duì)這些日益嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問題產(chǎn)生了極度不滿的情緒。與此同時(shí),通過兩次議會(huì)改革工人選民的數(shù)量有了很大提高,成為左右政黨選舉的重要力量。自由黨、保守黨為爭(zhēng)取工人階級(jí)支持,相繼調(diào)整自己的執(zhí)政思想并進(jìn)行了有利于工人的社會(huì)改革。由此英國加快了民主化的進(jìn)程。 60、70年代保守主義面臨嚴(yán)重危機(jī)。作為保守黨領(lǐng)袖,迪斯累里順應(yīng)時(shí)代的潮流,提出了“托利民主”這一進(jìn)步思想。1874年迪斯累里組閣后,在工人住房、工會(huì)合法地位、公共衛(wèi)生等方面實(shí)施一系列社會(huì)立法。這些進(jìn)步政策不僅極大緩解了社會(huì)矛盾,而且在一定程度上改變了保守黨“保守”、“守舊”的形象,扭轉(zhuǎn)了保守黨此前長(zhǎng)期在野的不利局面。本文通過分析這一時(shí)期社會(huì)立法的背景、成因、內(nèi)容和影響,旨在說明這期間的社會(huì)立法是英國民主進(jìn)程的必然要求,是英國走向“福利式”國家過程中的必然產(chǎn)物。 本文主要分為三部分: 第一部分,概述迪斯累里進(jìn)行社會(huì)改革的背景。主要包括國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)面臨的挑戰(zhàn),英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)霸權(quán)受到威脅;工業(yè)革命后社會(huì)問題的尖銳以及工人階級(jí)地位的提高,社會(huì)改革刻不容緩;新的社會(huì)思潮出現(xiàn)后對(duì)貧困等社會(huì)問題的看法有了改變,認(rèn)為解決這些問題不是個(gè)人的事,政府應(yīng)該承擔(dān)起更多的職責(zé),從而為國家干預(yù)提供了可能;工人獲得選舉權(quán)后,選民數(shù)量增多,無論自由黨還是保守黨想要獲得政權(quán)都必須求助占選民多數(shù)的中下民眾的支持。因此無論自由黨還是保守黨紛紛調(diào)整政策,在競(jìng)選時(shí)提出吸引廣大選民的口號(hào),在當(dāng)政過程中實(shí)行民主的社會(huì)改革。 第二部分,介紹迪斯累里一生的政治活動(dòng),探求他改造保守主義的深層次原因,即在鞏固貴族統(tǒng)治的基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)行一些適應(yīng)工業(yè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)需要的社會(huì)改革和有利于人民大眾的民主措施,爭(zhēng)取選票擴(kuò)大黨的威信。重點(diǎn)論述了迪斯累里社會(huì)改革的過程和內(nèi)容,其中《公共衛(wèi)生法》、《工匠住宅法》、《工會(huì)法》取得了巨大成效。 第三部分,對(duì)1874-1880年迪斯累里社會(huì)改革的評(píng)價(jià)。迪斯累里為保守主義增添了“托利民主”,并運(yùn)用到社會(huì)實(shí)踐進(jìn)行社會(huì)改革,在這個(gè)過程中迪斯累里發(fā)揮了領(lǐng)袖作用。這些功績(jī)的取得與他與生俱來的性格和女王的鼎力支持有關(guān)。最后分析改革的影響和局限性。這些進(jìn)步政策在緩解社會(huì)問題、改善工人生活水平上起到了重要的作用,擴(kuò)大了保守黨的影響。但是這些改革是統(tǒng)治者在維護(hù)國家基本制度的前提下作出的讓步,是不可能真正解決下層人民的生活困苦。
[Abstract]:After the middle of 18th century, the social contradictions caused by British industrialization gradually exposed: the gap between the rich and the poor, the serious unemployment, the environmental pollution and related diseases, the poor housing of workers caused the decline of national health. Capitalists have been brutally exploited without legal sanctions, and so on, and the majority of the lower classes have become extremely dissatisfied with these growing social problems. At the same time, the number of workers and voters who have been reformed twice through parliaments has increased considerably. In order to win the support of the working class, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party successively adjusted their governing ideas and carried out social reforms in favour of workers. Thus, Britain accelerated the process of democratization. Conservatism faced a serious crisis in the 1960s and 1970s. As the leader of the Conservative Party, Disraeli followed the trend of the times and put forward the progressive idea of "Tory Democracy." after the establishment of the cabinet in Disraeli in 1874, workers' housing and the legal status of trade unions were established. A series of social legislation has been implemented in public health. These progressive policies have not only greatly alleviated social contradictions, but also changed to some extent the image of the Conservative Party as "conservative" and "old-fashioned". By analyzing the background, cause, content and influence of the social legislation of this period, this paper aims to show that the social legislation during this period is an inevitable requirement of the democratic process in Britain. It is the inevitable outcome of Britain's transition to a welfare state. This paper is divided into three parts:. The first part summarizes the background of the social reform in Disraeli. It mainly includes the challenge of international competition, the threat to Britain's economic hegemony, the sharp social problems after the Industrial Revolution and the improvement of the status of the working class. Social reform is urgent; after the emergence of new social trends of thought, the view on social problems such as poverty has changed, and it is not personal to solve these problems, and the government should take on more responsibilities, thus providing the possibility for state intervention; After the workers gained the right to vote, the number of voters increased, and both the Liberal and Conservative parties had to turn to the support of the majority of voters to gain power. So both the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party changed their policies. In the election campaign to attract a large number of voters in the process of democratic social reform. The second part introduces the political activities of Disraeli's life and explores the deep reasons for his reform of conservatism, that is, on the basis of the consolidation of aristocratic rule, Carrying out some social reforms adapted to the needs of the industrial bourgeoisie and democratic measures in favour of the masses of the people, in order to win votes and expand the prestige of the Party, and focusing on the process and content of the social reform in Disraeli. Among them, the Public Health Act, the Trades and Crafts Housing Act and the Trade Union Law have achieved great results. The third part is an evaluation of the social reform in Disraeli from 1874-1880. Disraeli added "Tory Democracy" to conservatism and applied it to social practice to carry out social reform. In the process Disraeli played a leading role. These achievements were related to his innate character and the Queen's great support. Finally, the impact and limitations of the reforms were analyzed. These progressive policies have alleviated social problems. Improving workers' living standards has played an important role in expanding the Conservative Party's influence. But these reforms are concessions made by the rulers on the premise of maintaining the basic system of the country, and it is impossible to truly solve the plight of the underclass.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K561.4

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