本文選題：迪斯累里　切入點：托利民主　出處：《首都師范大學》2009年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 18世紀中期以后,英國工業(yè)化產(chǎn)生的社會矛盾逐漸暴露出來:貧富差距懸殊,失業(yè)狀況嚴重,環(huán)境污染及與之相關疾病肆虐,工人住房簡陋造成國民健康狀況下降,資本家進行殘酷剝削而不受法律制裁等等,廣大下層民眾對這些日益嚴重的社會問題產(chǎn)生了極度不滿的情緒。與此同時,通過兩次議會改革工人選民的數(shù)量有了很大提高,成為左右政黨選舉的重要力量。自由黨、保守黨為爭取工人階級支持,相繼調(diào)整自己的執(zhí)政思想并進行了有利于工人的社會改革。由此英國加快了民主化的進程。 60、70年代保守主義面臨嚴重危機。作為保守黨領袖,迪斯累里順應時代的潮流,提出了“托利民主”這一進步思想。1874年迪斯累里組閣后,在工人住房、工會合法地位、公共衛(wèi)生等方面實施一系列社會立法。這些進步政策不僅極大緩解了社會矛盾,而且在一定程度上改變了保守黨“保守”、“守舊”的形象,扭轉了保守黨此前長期在野的不利局面。本文通過分析這一時期社會立法的背景、成因、內(nèi)容和影響,旨在說明這期間的社會立法是英國民主進程的必然要求,是英國走向“福利式”國家過程中的必然產(chǎn)物。 本文主要分為三部分: 第一部分,概述迪斯累里進行社會改革的背景。主要包括國際競爭面臨的挑戰(zhàn),英國的經(jīng)濟霸權受到威脅;工業(yè)革命后社會問題的尖銳以及工人階級地位的提高,社會改革刻不容緩;新的社會思潮出現(xiàn)后對貧困等社會問題的看法有了改變,認為解決這些問題不是個人的事,政府應該承擔起更多的職責,從而為國家干預提供了可能;工人獲得選舉權后,選民數(shù)量增多,無論自由黨還是保守黨想要獲得政權都必須求助占選民多數(shù)的中下民眾的支持。因此無論自由黨還是保守黨紛紛調(diào)整政策,在競選時提出吸引廣大選民的口號,在當政過程中實行民主的社會改革。 第二部分,介紹迪斯累里一生的政治活動,探求他改造保守主義的深層次原因,即在鞏固貴族統(tǒng)治的基礎上,實行一些適應工業(yè)資產(chǎn)階級需要的社會改革和有利于人民大眾的民主措施,爭取選票擴大黨的威信。重點論述了迪斯累里社會改革的過程和內(nèi)容,其中《公共衛(wèi)生法》、《工匠住宅法》、《工會法》取得了巨大成效。 第三部分,對1874-1880年迪斯累里社會改革的評價。迪斯累里為保守主義增添了“托利民主”,并運用到社會實踐進行社會改革,在這個過程中迪斯累里發(fā)揮了領袖作用。這些功績的取得與他與生俱來的性格和女王的鼎力支持有關。最后分析改革的影響和局限性。這些進步政策在緩解社會問題、改善工人生活水平上起到了重要的作用,擴大了保守黨的影響。但是這些改革是統(tǒng)治者在維護國家基本制度的前提下作出的讓步,是不可能真正解決下層人民的生活困苦。
[Abstract]:After the middle of 18th century, the social contradictions caused by British industrialization gradually exposed: the gap between the rich and the poor, the serious unemployment, the environmental pollution and related diseases, the poor housing of workers caused the decline of national health. Capitalists have been brutally exploited without legal sanctions, and so on, and the majority of the lower classes have become extremely dissatisfied with these growing social problems. At the same time, the number of workers and voters who have been reformed twice through parliaments has increased considerably. In order to win the support of the working class, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party successively adjusted their governing ideas and carried out social reforms in favour of workers. Thus, Britain accelerated the process of democratization. Conservatism faced a serious crisis in the 1960s and 1970s. As the leader of the Conservative Party, Disraeli followed the trend of the times and put forward the progressive idea of "Tory Democracy." after the establishment of the cabinet in Disraeli in 1874, workers' housing and the legal status of trade unions were established. A series of social legislation has been implemented in public health. These progressive policies have not only greatly alleviated social contradictions, but also changed to some extent the image of the Conservative Party as "conservative" and "old-fashioned". By analyzing the background, cause, content and influence of the social legislation of this period, this paper aims to show that the social legislation during this period is an inevitable requirement of the democratic process in Britain. It is the inevitable outcome of Britain's transition to a welfare state. This paper is divided into three parts:. The first part summarizes the background of the social reform in Disraeli. It mainly includes the challenge of international competition, the threat to Britain's economic hegemony, the sharp social problems after the Industrial Revolution and the improvement of the status of the working class. Social reform is urgent; after the emergence of new social trends of thought, the view on social problems such as poverty has changed, and it is not personal to solve these problems, and the government should take on more responsibilities, thus providing the possibility for state intervention; After the workers gained the right to vote, the number of voters increased, and both the Liberal and Conservative parties had to turn to the support of the majority of voters to gain power. So both the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party changed their policies. In the election campaign to attract a large number of voters in the process of democratic social reform. The second part introduces the political activities of Disraeli's life and explores the deep reasons for his reform of conservatism, that is, on the basis of the consolidation of aristocratic rule, Carrying out some social reforms adapted to the needs of the industrial bourgeoisie and democratic measures in favour of the masses of the people, in order to win votes and expand the prestige of the Party, and focusing on the process and content of the social reform in Disraeli. Among them, the Public Health Act, the Trades and Crafts Housing Act and the Trade Union Law have achieved great results. The third part is an evaluation of the social reform in Disraeli from 1874-1880. Disraeli added "Tory Democracy" to conservatism and applied it to social practice to carry out social reform. In the process Disraeli played a leading role. These achievements were related to his innate character and the Queen's great support. Finally, the impact and limitations of the reforms were analyzed. These progressive policies have alleviated social problems. Improving workers' living standards has played an important role in expanding the Conservative Party's influence. But these reforms are concessions made by the rulers on the premise of maintaining the basic system of the country, and it is impossible to truly solve the plight of the underclass.
【學位授予單位】：首都師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K561.4

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