本文選題：薩法維　切入點(diǎn)：波斯　出處：《西北大學(xué)》2009年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 波斯是世界文明古國(guó)之一,早在公元前6世紀(jì)就建立了世界歷史上第一個(gè)地跨歐亞非三洲的大帝國(guó)。在上古、中古時(shí)期,波斯因其地處東西方文明交往的必經(jīng)之地,積極參與了世界文明交往活動(dòng),對(duì)促進(jìn)世界文明交流作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。自公元七世紀(jì)開始,波斯先后經(jīng)歷了阿拉伯人、蒙古人等異族的統(tǒng)治,在世界文明交往活動(dòng)中逐漸沉寂下來(lái)。在地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)、世界歷史進(jìn)入前資本主義的重要時(shí)期,波斯人重新建立了自己的王朝——薩法維王朝(1502-1736年),并發(fā)展成為當(dāng)時(shí)與奧斯曼土耳其帝國(guó)、莫臥兒帝國(guó)并列的伊斯蘭三大帝國(guó)之一,翻開了波斯對(duì)外交往的新篇章。 薩法維王朝時(shí)期,波斯的主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手是奧斯曼土耳其帝國(guó)。兩國(guó)因?yàn)檎巍⒔?jīng)濟(jì)和宗教等沖突,進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)百年的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),后經(jīng)雙邊協(xié)定確立了兩國(guó)間的邊界。但是由于實(shí)力不濟(jì),波斯失去了至為重要的兩河流域地區(qū),政治中心從西部、北部逐漸東移。這為現(xiàn)代兩伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的發(fā)生、以及困擾國(guó)際社會(huì)的庫(kù)爾德問題埋下了伏筆。同時(shí),薩法維王朝與奧斯曼土耳其的長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),有力地支持了當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲諸國(guó)反對(duì)土耳其的斗爭(zhēng)。位居波斯東北部的烏茲別克汗國(guó),曾數(shù)次威脅薩法維王朝的呼羅珊地區(qū)。薩法維王朝進(jìn)行了有力回?fù)?在中亞開展均衡外交,保持中亞的政治均勢(shì)。但是,東西兩邊的長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)事,以及由此帶來(lái)的政治社會(huì)不穩(wěn)定,導(dǎo)致傳統(tǒng)陸路貿(mào)易的衰落,波斯對(duì)外交往的通道逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移到海路。對(duì)于東邊的莫臥兒帝國(guó),薩法維王朝雖然與之有關(guān)于坎大哈問題的小規(guī)模軍事沖突.但是出于兩國(guó)歷史上的友好往來(lái),以及對(duì)中亞汗國(guó)的共同防御政策,兩國(guó)之間從總體上看始終保持交好。這一政策,促進(jìn)了兩國(guó)之間廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交往。對(duì)于入侵南方海域的葡萄牙帝國(guó),以及以商業(yè)貿(mào)易公司打頭陣的荷蘭、法國(guó)、英國(guó)等殖民主義者,薩法維波斯因軍事力量的落后尤其是海軍的缺乏,故以開放的姿態(tài),利用它們彼此間的矛盾以及力量對(duì)比的變化,積極發(fā)展同這些國(guó)家的政治、軍事和貿(mào)易往來(lái)。尤其是利用生絲貿(mào)易這一重要外交手段,尋求軍事上的聯(lián)盟,抵制他國(guó)的非分之想。薩法維王朝的這些政策,促進(jìn)了與西方各國(guó)的相互往來(lái),加速了資本主義初期世界市場(chǎng)的形成。同時(shí)又遏制了西方國(guó)家深入波斯內(nèi)陸的任何企圖,維護(hù)了國(guó)家的統(tǒng)一和獨(dú)立。為了統(tǒng)一民眾意志,激發(fā)愛國(guó)熱忱,共同抵御外辱,薩法維的統(tǒng)治者從建國(guó)之初即宣布什葉派伊斯蘭教為國(guó)教,并采取各種有力措施予以扶植。什葉派伊斯蘭教是薩法維王朝對(duì)外交往的一面旗幟,在對(duì)外交往中什葉派伊斯蘭教在波斯獲得了長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展,并逐漸上升為一種獨(dú)立的政治力量.這為伊朗后來(lái)成為什葉派國(guó)家奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。薩法維王朝時(shí)期,波斯與東、西方國(guó)家展開了廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化交往,即使是與遙遠(yuǎn)的中國(guó),亦有相互的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化往來(lái).盡管薩法維王朝堅(jiān)持什葉派伊斯蘭教的國(guó)教地位,但對(duì)于其他非伊斯蘭宗教保持了寬容和開放的態(tài)度,對(duì)于豐富波斯文明、促進(jìn)世界文明交往提供了有力條件,同時(shí)也為西方教會(huì)勢(shì)力的逐步深入創(chuàng)造了機(jī)會(huì)。 薩法維王朝的對(duì)外交往是積極的、主動(dòng)的、成功的。薩法維王朝時(shí)期文明交往呈現(xiàn)出多樣性和復(fù)雜性特征;不同時(shí)期內(nèi)部交往的狀況,影響了薩法維王朝對(duì)外交往的水平;軍事力量作為先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的表現(xiàn)形式之一,是影響薩法維王朝對(duì)外交往活動(dòng)的一個(gè)極為重要的制約因素。薩法維王朝的對(duì)外交往順應(yīng)了當(dāng)時(shí)世界形勢(shì),為世界文明交往做出了新的貢獻(xiàn),同時(shí)也為后來(lái)伊朗歷史的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Persian is one of the ancient civilizations in the world, as early as sixth Century BC established the first great empire on world history across the Eurasian three continents. In ancient times, the Medieval Persian, because of the cultural exchanges between East and west part of the land, and actively participate in the world's cultural exchanges and made great contribution to the promotion of the world civilization exchange. Since the beginning of seventh Century, Persia has experienced the Arabs, Mongols and other alien domination, gradually subsided in the world's cultural exchanges. In geographical discovery, an important period of the history of the world before entering capitalism, the Persians reestablished their Dynasty -- the Safavid Dynasty (1502-1736 years), and become the Osman and the Empire of Turkey, one of the three major Islamic Empire of Mughal Empire in parallel, opened a new chapter in the foreign exchanges.
During the Safavid Dynasty, is the main rival of Persia Osman Turkey empire. Because the two countries in political, economic and religious conflicts, a hundred years of war, after the bilateral agreement establishes the boundary between the two nations. But because of lack of strength, the Persian lost Mesopotamia is an important political center, from the West, north this is modern gradually eastward. The Iran Iraq war, the Kurdish problem plagued the international society as well as foreshadowed. At the same time, the long war with the Safavid Dynasty Osman of Turkey, the strong support of the European countries that oppose Turkey's struggle. In the northeast of Persia The Uzbek khanate, the threat of the Safavid Dynasty had several Khorasan region. The Safavid Dynasty made a strong comeback, to carry out balanced diplomacy in Central Asia, Central Asia to maintain the political balance. However, things on both sides of the long period of war, to The resulting political and social instability, leads to the decline of traditional land trade, the foreign exchanges channels gradually shifted to the sea. To the east of the Mughal Empire, the Safavid Dynasty although small-scale military conflicts on the Kandaha issue with it. But for the history of friendly exchanges between the two countries, and the common defense policy in Central Asia khanate, between the two countries on the whole remains befriend. This policy promotes extensive economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries. The invasion of the South Seas for the Portuguese Empire, as well as DaTouZhen commercial trading company in Holland, France, British colonialists, Safavi Bos because of military force behind especially the Navy the lack of it, with an open attitude, the contradiction between them and change the balance of power, with the positive development of the country's political, military and trade. In particular the use of silk trade this important diplomacy to seek military alliances, against his country. The Safavid Dynasty inordinate ambitions of these policies, to promote mutual exchanges with western countries, accelerate the formation of the world market at the initial stage of capitalism, any attempt to curb the West into the inland of Persia, maintaining unity and independent nation. In order to unify people will inspire patriotism, to resist the foreign invasion, the Safavid ruler announced that from the beginning of the founding of Shia Islam as the state religion, and take various effective measures to foster. Shia Islam is a banner of the Safavid Dynasty foreign exchanges, Islam has achieved great development in Persia in the Shia foreign exchanges, and gradually developed into an independent political force. This is Iran and later became a Shia state and laid a solid foundation. During the Safavid Dynasty, Persia and the eastern, western countries carried out extensive economic and cultural exchanges, and even the distant Chinese, also have mutual economic and cultural exchanges. In spite of the Safavid Dynasty to Shia Islam as the state religion, but for other non Islamic religions maintain a tolerant and open attitude, for the rich Persian civilization, promote world civilization exchanges provided favorable conditions, but also for the Western church gradually created opportunities.
The diplomacy of Safavid Dynasty is positive, active and successful. During the Safavid Dynasty civilization shows diversity and complexity in different periods; internal communication, had impact on the level of foreign exchanges; military forces as a representation of advanced productive forces, is a Safavid Dynasty's diplomatic activities the most important factors. The diplomacy of Safavid Dynasty conformed to the world situation at that time, the world civilization made a new contribution, but also for the subsequent development of Iran's history of the foundation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K37

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