發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-02 05:35

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 梅特涅 保守主義思想 奧地利 改革　出處：《浙江師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：進(jìn)入18世紀(jì)后,歐洲乃至整個(gè)世界都進(jìn)入了一個(gè)前所未有的變革期。英國開始了工業(yè)革命,走在了歐洲各國的前面；1789年的法國大革命極大地震撼了歐洲世界,節(jié)節(jié)勝利的法國革命同堅(jiān)持封建制度的歐洲其他強(qiáng)國的軍事沖突不可避免。奧地利面臨嚴(yán)重的內(nèi)憂外患,梅特涅作為奧地利的外交大臣和首相,在這個(gè)風(fēng)云變化的時(shí)代成為舉足輕重的一個(gè)角色。 他之所以開創(chuàng)了一個(gè)以他的名字命名的時(shí)代即“梅特涅時(shí)代”,大部分是因?yàn)樗ㄟ_(dá)時(shí)務(wù),也就是說他的保守主義思想使他成為這個(gè)時(shí)代的領(lǐng)頭人。在那個(gè)時(shí)代中,梅特涅是腳踏實(shí)地面向現(xiàn)實(shí)的,或者也就可以說是見風(fēng)使舵。他自己認(rèn)為,他想實(shí)現(xiàn)的,無非是一般人所追求的和平和秩序;他之所以要維持舊秩序,并不是因?yàn)樗麩o法接受新思想,而是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為這樣有利于保存歐洲的文明。也就是說,他的保守主義雖然總的說來是反動(dòng)的,但有其復(fù)雜性,不能簡(jiǎn)單化。 梅特涅的保守主義對(duì)內(nèi)要求一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的政府,對(duì)外要求均勢(shì)協(xié)調(diào)。他的一整套保守主義的政治主張,在于維護(hù)封建地主和金融寡頭的統(tǒng)治。在他看來,和平和秩序是最為重要的,其他的一切都要為此服務(wù)。 梅特涅對(duì)奧地利的改革集中在國家官僚方面,他的改革并非原創(chuàng),而是對(duì)于前人的繼承。他較之前人的成功之處在于他對(duì)皇帝的了解,他明白皇帝需要的是什么而且也明白皇帝能夠得到什么。然而也正因?yàn)檫@一點(diǎn),他并不能得到皇帝的全部信任,因而他的改革最終未能獲得到較好的結(jié)果。即使這樣,由于他在外交上的卓越成就,使得他的改革給奧地利留下了足夠深遠(yuǎn)的印記。 雖然說他的思想是保守主義的,但是有時(shí)候他卻太過于理想,在一次次的失敗后,他不得不轉(zhuǎn)變得更加保守。他創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)較為穩(wěn)定的時(shí)代,但是畢竟他所維護(hù)的仍然是封建君主專制的政治格局。他所向往的英國式的憲政模式并沒有讓他在世的時(shí)候在奧地利實(shí)現(xiàn),奧地利在維持了短暫的和平后就再一次面臨普魯士這一強(qiáng)勁對(duì)手的挑戰(zhàn),并最終喪失統(tǒng)一德意志的資格。1848年的歐洲革命徹底讓梅特涅下臺(tái),他被標(biāo)上了反動(dòng)的標(biāo)簽。 盡管如此,梅特涅的畢生工作是盡力將歐洲結(jié)合在一起,他相信等革命的力量被消耗掉,真正的建設(shè)時(shí)期總會(huì)來到。梅特涅的追求中還有一點(diǎn)值得我們關(guān)注：他懷著社會(huì)團(tuán)結(jié)一致的渴望,這樣的政治家是很少見的,像他那樣切盼國際間團(tuán) 結(jié)一致的用心的外交家也是不多的。 總而言之,雖然他確實(shí)阻礙了奧地利和中歐國家自由主義思想的發(fā)展,也殘酷地鎮(zhèn)壓了民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng),但是梅特涅是當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲保守主義的巨擘,他創(chuàng)造的“梅特涅時(shí)代”確實(shí)給歐洲帶來了一段時(shí)期的和平。另外,他在竭誠維護(hù)奧地利的國家利益方面,也是值得肯定的。
[Abstract]:In 18th century, Europe and the world as a whole entered an unprecedented period of change. Britain began the Industrial Revolution, ahead of the European countries. In 1789, the French Revolution rocked the European world. The victorious French revolution was inevitable with the military conflicts of other European powers that insisted on feudalism. Austria faced serious internal and external troubles, and Metterne was Austria's foreign minister and prime minister. In this changing times, it has become an important role. He pioneered an era named after him, the Metterne era, largely because of his understanding of the times, that is to say, his conservatism made him the leader of the time. Metterne was down-to-earth, realistic, or, so to speak, at the helm of the wind. He himself thought that all he wanted to achieve was the peace and order that the average man sought; that he wanted to maintain the old order, It was not because he could not accept new ideas, but because he believed that it was conducive to preserving European civilization. That is to say, his conservatism, though reactionary in general, was complex and could not be simplified. Metterne's conservatism demands a strong government at home and a balance of power outside. His whole set of conservative political ideas is to preserve the rule of feudal landlords and financial oligarchs. In his view, Peace and order are of paramount importance, and everything else should be served. Metterne's reform of Austria focused on the state bureaucracy. His reform was not original, but rather the inheritance of his predecessors. His greater success was in his knowledge of the emperor. He knew what the emperor needed and what he could get. But because of this, he was not able to gain all the trust of the emperor, and his reforms did not lead to better results. Even so, Because of his remarkable diplomatic achievements, his reforms left a deep enough mark on Austria. Although his ideas were conservative, sometimes he was too idealistic and, after repeated failures, he had to be more conservative. He created a more stable era. But after all, what he was defending was the political structure of feudal monarchy. His yearning for a British constitutional model did not allow him to realize it in Austria while he was alive. After maintaining a brief peace, Austria was once again challenged by Prussia, a formidable rival, and ultimately disqualified from unifying Germany. In 1848, when the European Revolution completely ousted Metterne, he was labelled reactionary. Nevertheless, Metterne's lifelong work was to bring Europe together, and he believed that the revolutionary forces would be consumed. The period of real construction will come. There is one thing we should pay attention to in the pursuit of Metterne: it is rare for such a politician to yearn for social solidarity, and to look forward to the international community as much as he does. Nor are there many diplomats with a concerted heart. All in all, although he did hinder the development of liberal ideas in Austria and Central Europe and brutally suppressed the nationalist movement, Metterne was a giant of European conservatism at the time. The "Metterne era" he created did indeed bring peace to Europe for a while, and his dedication to defending Austria's national interests was also commendable.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K521.3

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前3條

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本文編號(hào)：1555262