本文關(guān)鍵詞： 中世紀(jì) 西歐 修道院　出處：《天津師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：修道院作為中世紀(jì)社會中的一個(gè)基督教組織機(jī)構(gòu),有著自身的制度,起著不容忽視的社會作用。中世紀(jì)的修道院不只是一個(gè)宗教組織,由于君王和社會上層的賜予和捐贈(zèng),普通民眾的布施和奉獻(xiàn)以及修道院本身的經(jīng)營等等,修道院逐漸成為主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織,從而產(chǎn)生了修道院經(jīng)濟(jì),在恢復(fù)和發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)中產(chǎn)生了重要的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)作用。 中世紀(jì)特有的莊園經(jīng)濟(jì)體系和社會的基督教化進(jìn)程,是修道院經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的重要基礎(chǔ)。日耳曼人入侵后,羅馬帝國原有的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)體系遭到破壞,交易和商品流通已經(jīng)降到最低限度,每個(gè)人都以生產(chǎn)者的身份消費(fèi)著自己生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,自然經(jīng)濟(jì)日益鞏固,形成了以莊園制為主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。遠(yuǎn)程貿(mào)易雖未停滯,但已經(jīng)變得無足輕重,主要販賣一些莊園經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)部難以生產(chǎn)的奢侈品,供教會、修道院和王公貴族享用。在西歐經(jīng)濟(jì)倒退回原始農(nóng)業(yè)狀態(tài)的前提下,修道院在本尼迪克特院規(guī)的指導(dǎo)下,提倡勞動(dòng),通過信徒和封建領(lǐng)主捐贈(zèng)的大量土地組織和恢復(fù)生產(chǎn),吸納“世俗兄弟”,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了大拓荒運(yùn)動(dòng),恢復(fù)和發(fā)展手工業(yè),積累了大量的剩余產(chǎn)品。大量的剩余產(chǎn)品沖破了莊園經(jīng)濟(jì)的桎梏,人們在進(jìn)行諸如朝圣一類的活動(dòng)時(shí),常常將朝圣活動(dòng)和經(jīng)商合二為一,于是促使修道院附近的廣場和院落產(chǎn)生了市場,市場的建立在一定程度上打破了西歐不同地區(qū)相對的封閉,社會交往和聯(lián)系進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。盡管傳統(tǒng)的道德觀念認(rèn)為,商業(yè)是下賤的行業(yè)、商人最沒有社會地位。但實(shí)際上,修道院對商業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了積極的促進(jìn)作用。修道院以宗教為旗號享有陸路和水路的通行稅豁免權(quán),可以販運(yùn)不同地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)和手工業(yè)產(chǎn)品,大大豐富了市場上的物品。但享有特許權(quán)的修道院和不享有特許權(quán)的世俗商人的競爭是不公平的競爭,曾在農(nóng)業(yè)上起到先鋒作用的修道院卻阻礙了世俗經(jīng)濟(jì)的成長,成為社會發(fā)展的絆腳石，，不再有早期的社會影響力。 修道院經(jīng)濟(jì)是中世紀(jì)社會一個(gè)非常重要的社會現(xiàn)象,它并不是孤立的宗教行為,而是和同時(shí)期的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展密切聯(lián)系著,因此,考察修道院在西歐社會中的作用,尤其是修道院在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的作用,如修道院和大拓荒運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)聯(lián)、朝圣經(jīng)濟(jì)對中世紀(jì)集市的影響等等,不僅有助于我們加深對修道院這一宗教組織的理解,而且有助于我們了解中世紀(jì)西歐的社會和時(shí)代特征。
[Abstract]:As a Christian organization in medieval society, monasteries had their own system and played a social role that could not be ignored. Medieval monasteries were not just a religious organization, but because of the gifts and donations of kings and the upper echelons of society, With the contribution of ordinary people and the operation of the monastery itself, monastery gradually became the main economic organization, which produced the monastery economy and played an important social and economic role in the recovery and development of the economy. The unique economic system of manor and the Christian process of society in the Middle Ages were the important basis for the emergence of monastery economy. After the Germanic invasion, the original social and economic system of the Roman Empire was destroyed. Trade and commodity circulation have been reduced to a minimum, everyone is consuming their own products as producers, and the natural economy is increasingly consolidated, forming an economic structure dominated by manor system. But it has become irrelevant, mainly selling luxury goods that are difficult to produce within the manor economy for use by churches, monasteries, and princes. Guided by Benedict House rules, the monastery advocated labor, organized and resumed production through a large amount of land donated by believers and feudal lords, and absorbed "secular brothers," leading the great pioneer movement and restoring and developing the handicraft industry. Accumulated a large amount of surplus products. A large number of surplus products broke through the shackles of the manor economy. When people engaged in activities such as pilgrimage, they often combined pilgrimage with business. This led to the creation of a market in the square and courtyard near the monastery, which, to some extent, broke the relative isolation of different parts of Western Europe and further strengthened social contacts and ties. Business is a lowly business, and merchants have the least social status. But in fact, monasteries have a positive impact on the development of business. Monasteries enjoy tax exemptions for land and waterways under the banner of religion. The fact that agricultural and handicraft products in different regions can be trafficked greatly enriches the market, but competition between convent concessions and secular businessmen who do not enjoy concessions is unfair. Monasteries, once vanguard in agriculture, hindered the growth of secular economy and became a stumbling block to social development, no longer having early social influence. Monastery economy is a very important social phenomenon in medieval society. It is not an isolated religious act, but is closely related to the social and economic development of the same period. In particular, the role of monasteries in the economy, such as the connection between monasteries and the pioneer movement, the influence of the pilgrimage economy on medieval bazaars, and so on, not only helped us to deepen our understanding of the monastery as a religious organization, It also helps us to understand the social and contemporary characteristics of medieval Western Europe.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K5

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