本文關鍵詞： 尼克松政府 “新東方”政策 基辛格 勃蘭特　出處：《浙江師范大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：1969年10月,社會民主黨領導人維利·勃蘭特當選為聯(lián)邦德國新一屆政府總理。勃蘭特在上臺伊始便著手推行自己的“新東方”政策,意圖緩和與蘇聯(lián)、民主德國及其它東歐國家之間的緊張關系。遠在大洋彼岸的美國尼克松政府是如何看待西德在東方政策上的這一重大變化?面對聯(lián)邦德國與蘇聯(lián)及其它東歐國家關系的改善,尼克松政府又是采取了怎樣的態(tài)度和應對策略?有哪些因素影響了尼克松政府在這些問題上的決策?對于這些問題,目前尚未引起國內學術界的注意,偶有涉及,也僅是概括性的論述。筆者通過研究和整理尼克松政府時期的對德外交檔案、總統(tǒng)公開文件以及中情局報告等史料,并結合西方學術界近年來涌現(xiàn)出的相關論著及當事者回憶錄,試圖深入探討尼克松政府對“新東方”政策的態(tài)度及相應對策。本文主要由四個部分組成： 第一部分考察戰(zhàn)后歷屆美國政府在聯(lián)邦德國東方政策上的態(tài)度。出于對抗蘇聯(lián)的考慮,五十年代的艾森豪威爾政府支持西德阿登納政府對東方的強硬政策。然而在第二次柏林危機及古巴導彈危機后,美蘇關系逐漸趨于“緩和”,聯(lián)邦德國僵硬的東方政策在這一大背景下顯得越發(fā)的孤立。意圖緩和與蘇聯(lián)緊張關系的肯尼迪、約翰遜政府都曾希望聯(lián)邦德國改變其僵硬的東方政策,美德雙方在這一問題上的矛盾在一定程度上導致了六十年代末聯(lián)邦德國在東方政策上的轉向以及社會民主黨人勃蘭特的上臺。 第二部分研究尼克松政府初期對“新東方”政策的看法和態(tài)度。出于國內外諸多因素的綜合考慮,尼克松政府初期對“新東方”政策采取了觀望的態(tài)度。美國在聯(lián)邦德國與蘇聯(lián)的談判以及聯(lián)邦德國與東歐其它國家的談判中采取了“不介入”政策,對德國人的談判不加干涉。在柏林問題上,尼克松政府的態(tài)度也較為消極。 第三部分論述尼克松政府對“新東方”政策的態(tài)度轉變。為了將“新東方”政策納入美國對蘇緩和的戰(zhàn)略軌道上,控制“新東方”政策的走向,尼克松政府決定以柏林談判為切入點,積極介入“新東方”政策。在柏林問題和東方條約的批準問題上尼克松政府給予勃蘭特政府積極的幫助。美國的積極介入確�！靶聳|方”政策的順利實施,同時也將該政策成功的納入了對蘇緩和的軌道上。 第四部分分析影響尼克松政府對“新東方”政策考量的各種因素。在諸多因素之中,來自蘇聯(lián)方面的影響可以說是最為重要和直接的。尼克松政府在初期對該政策的擔憂也主要是害怕聯(lián)邦德國與蘇聯(lián)關系過于密切。之后尼克松政府對“新東方”政策的介入在很大程度上也是為美蘇“緩和”這一大局服務。作為美國在西歐的重要盟國,英、法兩國在“新東方”政策上的態(tài)度也對尼克松政府產生了一定的影響。除此之外,尼克松總統(tǒng)本人對于當時國際形勢的分析與判斷,以及此屆政府獨特的外交運作方式也對尼克松政府在“新東方”政策上產生了重要的影響。
[Abstract]:In October 1969, the Social Democratic Party leader Willy Brandt was elected as the new Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Germany. Brandt embarked on his "new" policy on the stage at the beginning, the intention of detente with the Soviet Union, tensions between East Germany and other Eastern European countries. The Nixon administration in the United States far across the ocean is how to treat this policy in the East West a major change? In the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries improved, the Nixon administration is to take what attitudes and policies? What are the factors that influence the decision-making of the Nixon administration on? For these problems, at present domestic has not yet attracted the attention of the academic circles, sometimes involved, it is only a general in this paper. Through the study and arrangement of the Nixon administration on German diplomatic archives, President of public documents and the CIA report In the light of historical data, combined with western academic circles in recent years, related publications and reminiscences of the parties, we attempt to further explore Nixon administration's attitude towards New Oriental Policy and corresponding countermeasures. This paper is mainly composed of four parts.
The first part of the study of postwar American government attitudes in the East Policy on the Federal Republic of Germany against the Soviet Union. For consideration, Adenauer's tough policy on the west east Eisenhower government support in 50s. However in the second Berlin crisis and the Cuban missile crisis, the US Soviet relations tends to be "moderate", rigid Eastern Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany this background is becoming more and more isolated. Detente with the Soviet Union, Kennedy, the Johnson administration had hoped the Federal Republic of Germany changed its stiff East policy, both in virtue of this issue contradiction led to a certain extent, at the end of 60s the Federal Republic of Germany's Eastern policy direction and the Social Democrats Brandt came to power.
The views and attitudes of the "New Oriental" policy on the second part of the early Nixon government. For comprehensive consideration of many factors at home and abroad, the early Nixon government adopted a wait-and-see attitude towards Ostpolitik. The United States adopted a "non intervention" policy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviet Union negotiations and the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries in Eastern Europe the Germans, the negotiations without interference. In Berlin, the Nixon administration's attitude is very negative.
The third part discusses the change of Nixon's attitudes towards Ostpolitik. In order to Ostpolitik into the United States on the strategic track detente, to control the "New Oriental" policy, the Nixon administration decided to Berlin negotiations as the starting point, and actively involved in the "New Oriental" policy. In the approval of the issue of Berlin and the east of the treaty the Nixon administration to give Brandt government actively help. The active involvement of the United States to ensure the smooth implementation of the "New Oriental" policy, but also the success of the policy of detente into orbit.
The fourth part analyzes the various factors that influence the Nixon administration considerations of Ostpolitik. Among those factors, the influence from the Soviet Union can be said to be the most important and direct. The Nixon administration in the early of the policy concerns is also afraid of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviet Union too close. After the Nixon government intervention "the new policy is largely for the United States and the Soviet Union" Relaxation "of the overall services. As the important allies of the US in Western Europe, Britain, and France attitude towards Ostpolitik also of the Nixon administration has produced certain effect. In addition, President Nixon himself for the analysis and judgement of the international situation at that time, the government and the unique diplomacy of Nixon government played an important role in the" New Oriental "policy.

【學位授予單位】：浙江師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K712.54;K516.4

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本文編號：1486883