本文關(guān)鍵詞： 羅斯福新政 總統(tǒng)行政權(quán) 三權(quán)分立 經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)　出處：《安徽大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 富蘭克林·羅斯福是美國歷史上一位重要的總統(tǒng),1932年至1941年他大展拳腳制定和實(shí)行“新政”。一位重要的總統(tǒng),一段特殊的時(shí)期,而且美國行政權(quán)也是其三權(quán)分立中非常重要的一部分,所以研究這段時(shí)期的總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)也是及其有意義的一件事。 為了更好的研究羅斯福時(shí)期總統(tǒng)行政權(quán),筆者先是從大的方面著手,對美國總統(tǒng)的行政權(quán)的含義和范圍進(jìn)行概述；了解行政權(quán)在美國“三權(quán)分立”中的作用和地位,以及新政時(shí)期之前美國總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)的發(fā)展。這樣將羅斯福時(shí)期的總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)放在整體之中,并做時(shí)間上的對比,很容易就看出羅斯福新政時(shí)期總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)的特點(diǎn)了。 羅斯福時(shí)期總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)最大的特點(diǎn)就是總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)張。進(jìn)行行政機(jī)構(gòu)改革,建立總統(tǒng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),使得行政機(jī)構(gòu)的增多,行政人員數(shù)量的大大增長,而這些都是行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張的表現(xiàn),特別是“布朗洛報(bào)告”之后羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)公布第1號改革計(jì)劃和第2號改革計(jì)劃,預(yù)算局和白宮辦公廳成為總統(tǒng)的左膀右臂,對總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)的擴(kuò)張起著很大的作用。為了應(yīng)對經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),在國會(huì)的支持下總統(tǒng)取得管理全國經(jīng)濟(jì)的權(quán)力,總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)從范圍和深度都有了增長。而1937年之后,最高法院也開始支持新政,這也是總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張的表現(xiàn)�？偨y(tǒng)甚至取得了實(shí)質(zhì)的立法權(quán),總統(tǒng)行使否決權(quán)的次數(shù)增加,可以說行政權(quán)向立法權(quán)的延伸。 羅斯福新政時(shí)期總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)的擴(kuò)張是由多種原因造成的。羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)行政權(quán)的擴(kuò)張既有理論上的基礎(chǔ),又有相關(guān)政治制度的支持。既有社會(huì)發(fā)展大環(huán)境的推動(dòng),也有經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)、實(shí)行新政提供的契機(jī)。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,國會(huì)、法院處理經(jīng)濟(jì)及其他事物的局限性逐漸顯現(xiàn),也給了總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張的機(jī)會(huì)。當(dāng)然羅斯福個(gè)人對總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張也有貢獻(xiàn)。正是由于這些原因共同作用,使得總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)得擴(kuò)張。 總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張?jiān)诹_斯福新政時(shí)期是一個(gè)不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí),但并不就代表總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)可以無限制的擴(kuò)張下去。可以說美國的三權(quán)分立憲法原則從根本上就限制了行政權(quán)無限擴(kuò)張的可能性。不僅國會(huì)、最高法院、獨(dú)立行政機(jī)構(gòu),文官制度等都從各個(gè)方面對總統(tǒng)權(quán)的擴(kuò)張進(jìn)行了限制,美國的兩黨制等政治制度也會(huì)阻礙總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)的無限擴(kuò)張。而且這些因素不是獨(dú)自單個(gè)的限制總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)的擴(kuò)張,它們通常都是相互聯(lián)系,共同作用的。行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張不可怕,可怕的是沒有限制、沒有監(jiān)督的行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張,所以權(quán)力的限制對行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張來說至關(guān)重要。 羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張是順應(yīng)歷史趨勢的,促進(jìn)美國的發(fā)展。而且,事實(shí)證明,羅斯福行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張并不是歷史上的特例,在羅斯福之后,美國的行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張沒有停止。而總統(tǒng)行政權(quán)擴(kuò)張更是非常時(shí)期提高行政效率的需要。研究過去,就是為了建設(shè)更好的未來,盡管現(xiàn)今中國和美國有著各方面的區(qū)別和不同,但是對羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)行政權(quán)的研究對我國應(yīng)對經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),發(fā)展我國行政權(quán)還是有啟示意義的。
[Abstract]:Franklin I is the history of the United States is an important president, from 1932 to 1941 he flexed his muscles in the development and implementation of "New Deal". An important president, is a special period, and part of the executive power is important in the separation of powers, a matter of presidential executive power so the Research of this period and is also meaningful.
In order to better study Roosevelt's presidential executive power, the author starts from a general view, the meaning and scope of the administrative power of the president of the United States are outlined; the role and status of the executive power in the United States "three powers" in the new period of development, and before the president of the United States for the regime. This will be the president of administrative power during the period of Roosevelt on the whole, and compared the time, is easy to see Roosevelt characteristics of presidential executive power.
The characteristics of Roosevelt's presidential executive power is the biggest expansion of presidential executive power. The administrative reform, the establishment of the presidential executive body, the increase of administrative institutions, the number of administrative staff is greatly increased, and these are the expansion of administrative power performance, especially the "Brownlow report" after President Roosevelt announced first reform plan and second, the reform plan, the budget office and the White House office become the president's right-hand man, for the expansion of presidential executive power plays an important role. In order to cope with the economic crisis, with support from the Congress president for the management power of the national economy, the executive power in both scope and depth. The growth after 1937 the Supreme Court also began to support the new deal, this is also the president of the expansion of executive power. The president even obtained essential legislative power, the exercise of presidential veto number increased, can be said to The extension of the administrative power to the legislative power.
Roosevelt expansion of presidential executive power is caused by a variety of reasons. President Roosevelt's expansion of administrative power has both theoretical basis, and relevant political system support. Both to promote the development of social environment, and the economic crisis, the implementation of the new deal to provide the opportunity. With the development of society, Congress, limited the court's handling of the economy and other things gradually, also gave the opportunity to expand presidential executive power. Of course, President Roosevelt himself also contributed to the expansion of administrative power. It is due to the interaction of all these reasons, the presidential executive power was expanded.
The expansion of presidential executive power in Roosevelt period is an undeniable fact, but it doesn't mean that presidential executive power can be unlimited expansion. It can be said that the United States the possibility of the constitutional principle of separation of the three powers fundamentally limits the unlimited expansion of administrative powers. Not only the Congress, the supreme court, independent administrative institutions, civil service the system is in the expansion of presidential power from various aspects of the restrictions, the unlimited expansion of the American two party system and political system will hinder the presidential executive power. And these factors are not isolated in limiting the expansion of presidential executive power, they are often interrelated and interaction. The expansion of administrative power is not terrible. Terrible is no limit, no supervision of the expansion of administrative power, so the power to limit expansion of executive power is critical.
President Roosevelt's expansion of administrative power is a historical trend, and promote the development of the United States. But, in fact, the Roosevelt expansion of administrative power and not special case in history, after Roosevelt, the expansion of administrative power. And the president did not stop the expansion of administrative power is the need to improve the administrative efficiency of the very period. The study of the past, is in order to build a better future, despite the current Chinese and the United States have difference in various aspects, but the research on the executive power of Roosevelt to deal with the economic crisis in our country, the development of administrative power in our country is meaningful.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K712

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