本文關(guān)鍵詞： 美國印第安人 部落制 復(fù)興　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 印第安人是美洲大陸最古老的民族,土著部落是其最基本的社會組織形式,部落體制在整個土著文化中,扮演著不可或缺的角色. 1492年,西班牙著名航海家哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸。此后,歐洲殖民者開始絡(luò)繹不絕,紛至沓來。頻繁的接觸中,歐洲白人與印第安人社會構(gòu)成及文化上的巨大差異開始凸顯,后者的社會文化生活隨之發(fā)生改變。尤其是美國建國之后,聯(lián)邦政府打著“文明開化”的旗號,頒布了一系列政策法案,旨在大肆掠奪印第安人廣袤土地的同時摧毀土著文化的核心—部落體制—以便將其同化到以盎格魯-撒克遜文化為核心的白人社會中。在這一過程中,印第安部落制經(jīng)歷了被打壓、重組及被終止等一系列毀滅性的打擊。幸運的是,自20世紀(jì)60年代,聯(lián)邦政府從根本上糾正其印第安政策,從之前的“同化”為主導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)為鼓勵印第安民族自決,承認(rèn)部落體制的重要性,由此帶來土著部落制的復(fù)興,改變了印第安民族的命運。 鑒于土著部落制在這一階段實現(xiàn)復(fù)興所具有的重大意義,而國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界尚未對此展開過系統(tǒng)研究,于是本文立足于這段歷史,探討印第安部落制于20世紀(jì)60年代實現(xiàn)復(fù)興的主要原因及隨之產(chǎn)生的對印第安人社會文化生活的影響。筆者認(rèn)為,20世紀(jì)60、70年代以黑人為首的民權(quán)運動的蓬勃發(fā)展,多元文化主義的興起,喚醒了包括印第安人在內(nèi)的美國各少數(shù)族裔強烈的民族意識,各個印第安部落、組織奮起捍衛(wèi)族裔文化,對原本一枝獨秀的美國主流文化形成了強烈沖擊。加上這期間愈演愈烈的反戰(zhàn)運動,反文化運動,整個美國社會動蕩不安,人們開始了對美國社會文化政治生活方方面面的反思,對少數(shù)族裔及其文化產(chǎn)生了極大的同情。期間,美國政府也開始審視自己的內(nèi)政外交政策,其中就包括數(shù)百年來聯(lián)邦政府的印第安政策,并隨之頒布一系列的法律條令鼓勵印第安民族自治,由此帶來了土著部落制的復(fù)興。60年代部落體制的加強,部落政府權(quán)力的回歸,極大地扭轉(zhuǎn)了之前印第安人民因部落制解體而導(dǎo)致的極端無權(quán)、貧困及邊緣化的社會狀況,保存了土著文化,并促進(jìn)了保留地上經(jīng)濟、教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展,提高了印第安人民的生活水平。
[Abstract]:The Indians are the oldest people in the American continent, and the native tribes are the most basic form of social organization. The tribal system plays an indispensable role in the whole indigenous culture. In 1492, Columbus, a famous Spanish navigator, discovered the American continent. After that, European colonists began to arrive in an endless stream. Great differences in social composition and culture between whites and Indians in Europe began to show, and the social and cultural life of the latter changed. Especially after the founding of the United States, the federal government held the banner of "civilized civilization". A number of policy acts have been enacted. The centre-tribal system, which aims to plunder the vast lands of Indians while destroying indigenous cultures, in order to assimilate them into a white society with Anglo-Saxon culture at its core. In the process. Indian tribesmen have suffered a series of devastating blows from repression, restructuring, and termination. Fortunately, since 1960s, the federal government has fundamentally corrected its Indian policy. From the former "assimilation" to encourage the self-determination of the Indian nation, recognized the importance of the tribal system, which led to the revival of the indigenous tribal system, and changed the fate of the Indian nation. In view of the great significance of the revival of the indigenous tribal system in this stage, the academic circles at home and abroad have not carried out a systematic study of this, so this paper is based on this history. This paper discusses the main reasons for the revival of the Indian tribal system in 1960s and the consequent influence on the social and cultural life of the Indians. In 70s, the vigorous development of the civil rights movement led by blacks and the rise of multiculturalism awakened the strong national consciousness of American minorities, including the Indians, and various Indian tribes. The organization rose to defend the ethnic culture, formed a strong impact on the original dominant American mainstream culture. Coupled with the intensified anti-war movement, anti-cultural movement during this period, the entire American society is in turmoil. People began to reflect on all aspects of American social, cultural and political life, and had great sympathy for ethnic minorities and their culture. During this period, the US government began to examine its internal and foreign policy. It included the Indian policy of the federal government for hundreds of years, and the promulgation of a series of laws and regulations to encourage the autonomy of Indian nations, which led to the revival of the tribal system in the 1960s and the strengthening of the tribal system in the 1960s. The return of tribal government power has greatly reversed the extreme powerlessness, poverty and marginalization of the former Indians as a result of the dissolution of tribal systems, preserved indigenous cultures and promoted the reserve economy. The development of education raised the living standards of the Indian people.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K712.54

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