本文關(guān)鍵詞：一種西方的經(jīng)驗(yàn)——權(quán)力制約與法治關(guān)系的歷史透視，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

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所有學(xué)科

法理、法史

行政學(xué)及國(guó)家行政管理

政治學(xué)

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨

出版

國(guó)際法

訴訟法與司法制度

行政法及地方法制

科學(xué)研究管理

authoritative

    In order to accord with the demands for spirit governed by law, establish the authoritative position in social life of law, should also set up , perfect legislative supervision mechanism , safeguard the coordination , unity of the legal system;

    為符合法治精神的要求,樹(shù)立法律在社會(huì)生活中的權(quán)威地位,還應(yīng)當(dāng)建立、健全立法監(jiān)督機(jī)制,維護(hù)法律體系的協(xié)調(diào)、統(tǒng)一;

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    Rule of law and autonomy are different authoritative power of dispute solution.

    法治和自治是解紛方式的不同權(quán)威力量。

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    Then this part judges the status quo of legal efficacy through macro-criterion and micro-criterion by analyzing a great deal of examples and authoritative data.

    接著大量運(yùn)用實(shí)例評(píng)判和權(quán)威數(shù)據(jù)，從微觀評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和宏觀評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)兩方面分析，得出有關(guān)法律實(shí)效現(xiàn)狀的判斷結(jié)論；

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    Secondly,it lacks the authoritative sense to law in rural communities.

    其二,法律權(quán)威感在鄉(xiāng)土社會(huì)喪失。

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    According to some authoritative legal documents of England and historical evidence, the time of the establishment of the English Court of Star Chamber should be 1487 and that of its abolition, 1641.

    從較具權(quán)威的英國(guó)法律史文獻(xiàn)和歷史事實(shí)的分析來(lái)看 ,英國(guó)星室法院的建立時(shí)間是 1487年 ,廢除時(shí)間應(yīng)該是 16 4 1年

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    And Chapterfive lists the translation errors of legal terms in several authoritative legal dictionaries published in our country during the past decade, trying to make a tentative analysis of these errors, and to find out the reasons leading to them.

    第四章法律文體翻譯方法，提出了法律文體的英漢互譯的方法與技巧； 第五章英漢、漢英法律術(shù)語(yǔ)翻譯辨析例舉，從近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)出版的數(shù)本較具權(quán)威性的英漢與漢英法律詞典中收集、篩選了三十個(gè)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)翻譯條目，先逐一指出其錯(cuò)漏，然后通過(guò)論證，提出筆者的觀點(diǎn)。

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    and that positive laws, which could be viewed as the objectified forms of natural law, were the unitary, definitive, authoritative and formal explanations of natural law by authorities;

    而實(shí)在法實(shí)質(zhì)上是自然法的對(duì)象化，它是關(guān)于自然法觀念的具有統(tǒng)一性確定性權(quán)威性的“官方的正式的文字的表述”；

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    It is the primary task for a socialist nomocracy Country to shape its people抯 law belief, which depends solely on the existence of benign law, the law belief of the rulers and legal professionals, the existence of authoritative law and righteous justice.

    塑造全民法律信仰是建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法制國(guó)家的首要任務(wù)。 塑造法律信仰需要有良法的存在、統(tǒng)治者和法律職業(yè)者法律信仰觀、權(quán)威性法律的存在和公正的司法。

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    In forensic practice ,linguists can help to settle forensic cases justly and precisely by providing convincing and authoritative linguistic evidences after analyzing forensic case-work centering on disputed language through the application of corpus.

    在司法實(shí)踐中,通過(guò)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)對(duì)有爭(zhēng)議的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行分析,語(yǔ)言學(xué)家能向司法部門(mén)提供具有證明力和權(quán)威性的語(yǔ)言證據(jù),有助于司法案件準(zhǔn)確而公正的解決。

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    On the Social Authoritative Basis of Customary Law

    論民間法的社會(huì)權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)

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    A Historic View on the Relationship between Authoritative Limitation and Government by Law

    一種西方的經(jīng)驗(yàn)——權(quán)力制約與法治關(guān)系的歷史透視

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    foreseeability, and conditional objectivity with individual, social, and authoritative assessment playing different significant roles in the various key points and links of rule of law through stages of factual understanding, value understanding, and value assessment of law Thus, only by establishment of a scientific ~nd

    法律的自身性質(zhì)決定了其價(jià)值的多元化，即由法的秩序價(jià)值、正義價(jià)值、公平價(jià)值、自由價(jià)值、效率（效益）價(jià)值等形成的多維價(jià)值體系。 但它們既相互整合又相互沖突，因此，必須以弘揚(yáng)法的核心價(jià)值和立足于人的全面自由發(fā)展為原則，對(duì)法價(jià)值沖突進(jìn)行消解，推進(jìn)以法治秩序和社會(huì)主義法治國(guó)家的早日建立。

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    Owing to the limitation of professional law education , its scientific, authoritative and dialectical nature, and the requirements of social development, it is also important to train undergraduates to be highly - qualified and multi - dimensional.

    同時(shí)由于法學(xué)職業(yè)教育本身的局限性和法學(xué)本身的科學(xué)性、嚴(yán)肅性和思辯性、以及社會(huì)發(fā)展的需要，我國(guó)的法學(xué)本科教育又要培養(yǎng)“一專(zhuān)多能”的復(fù)合型人才。

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    As one kind of authoritative interpretation, the legislative interpretation appears when the law was drawn up, and has much influence on the activities of law which cannot be replaced.

    作為一種有權(quán)解釋?zhuān)⒎ń忉屌c法律相伴而生，在法律活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮著不可替代的重要作用。

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  authoritative

The pressure test experiment was performed in the authoritative institution, and the results indicated that the system was safe and could work reliably on the seafloor.

If there is a difference between the entered data and the medical knowledge base, a warning will be issued but the doctor's decision is authoritative.

Many of these were very widely read, and they continued to be cited as authoritative source of knowledge throughout the entire eighteenth century.

By providing an account of the past and authoritative delineations of the community, the existing biblical texts may have provided the focus for a new sense of identity, whatever their original purpose and relationship with historical events.

This article unveils one of these books, Johann Gerhard's Decas quaestionum physico-chymicarum de metallis (1643), which served Boyle as his secret source for past authoritative views on the issue of the growth of metals.

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This paper argues that the rele by law has three connotations:1.Running the country and social public affairs by the state power according to the laws; 2.Building up the authoritative organizations of restraint for the power;3.Establishing the system of democratic supervision and guarantee the restricition people’s rights can play on the state power.The purpose of rule by law is to set up the system of imposing restrictions on the rights.The way of realizing the rule by law should be a kind process of...

This paper argues that the rele by law has three connotations:1.Running the country and social public affairs by the state power according to the laws; 2.Building up the authoritative organizations of restraint for the power;3.Establishing the system of democratic supervision and guarantee the restricition people’s rights can play on the state power.The purpose of rule by law is to set up the system of imposing restrictions on the rights.The way of realizing the rule by law should be a kind process of organic evolution.Thus we should begin with solving the problems from social reality and small sample experiments,adopt the methods of combination of up to state and down to locality so as to put forward the rule by law steadily,orderly and healthily. [

通過(guò)語(yǔ)義分析認(rèn)為，法治有三層內(nèi)涵：一是依照法律來(lái)運(yùn)用國(guó)家權(quán)力，管理國(guó)家和社會(huì)公共事務(wù)；二是建立權(quán)力對(duì)權(quán)力的制約機(jī)制；三是建立民主監(jiān)督機(jī)制，確保人民的權(quán)利對(duì)國(guó)家權(quán)力的制約。法治的目標(biāo)是建立對(duì)權(quán)力的制約機(jī)制。法治的實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑應(yīng)當(dāng)是一種有機(jī)式的演化，應(yīng)當(dāng)從解決社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題出發(fā)，從微觀試驗(yàn)開(kāi)始，實(shí)行上下結(jié)合的方式，使法治建設(shè)穩(wěn)步、有序、健康地向前推進(jìn)。

WT5”BZ]:The rule by law is not an inevitable fulfillment of a state ruled of law. It is necessary for us to make some restrictions. The constitutional restriction is the first level confine and the constitutionalism is the second one. The constituitonalism is the core of the rule of law and the constituitonalist fulfillment is the guaranty of the realization of a state ruled by law. It needs to restrict on the Power in three levels--restrictions by the power, right and regulation, to have the existence of an...

WT5”BZ]:The rule by law is not an inevitable fulfillment of a state ruled of law. It is necessary for us to make some restrictions. The constitutional restriction is the first level confine and the constitutionalism is the second one. The constituitonalism is the core of the rule of law and the constituitonalist fulfillment is the guaranty of the realization of a state ruled by law. It needs to restrict on the Power in three levels--restrictions by the power, right and regulation, to have the existence of an high-authoritative constitutional law and carry out the separation of powers and the development of market economy. [WT5”HZ]

依法治國(guó)并不必然實(shí)現(xiàn)法治國(guó)家 ,必須對(duì)其予以限定。憲法的限制是第一層次的限定 ,憲政是第二層次的限定。憲政是依法治國(guó)的核心 ,實(shí)行憲政是實(shí)現(xiàn)法治國(guó)家的保證。實(shí)行憲政必須對(duì)權(quán)力進(jìn)行三個(gè)層次的制約 ,即規(guī)范制約、權(quán)力制約和權(quán)利制約 ,進(jìn)而要求有高度權(quán)威的憲法 ,實(shí)行政府權(quán)力分立和大力發(fā)展市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)

Lao Naixuan was the chief representative of the Ethic Faction in the Course of Alternation of law in the late Qing. As a lower level offical for a long time,he noticed the Chinese traditional ethics survived persis- tently and extensively in Chinese legal psychology. As regards the center and degree of the legal reform,he thought each country had its distinct origin and classification of law,therefore their tendences of legal reform would not be same. Every nation would reform on the basis of its own culture.culture...

Lao Naixuan was the chief representative of the Ethic Faction in the Course of Alternation of law in the late Qing. As a lower level offical for a long time,he noticed the Chinese traditional ethics survived persis- tently and extensively in Chinese legal psychology. As regards the center and degree of the legal reform,he thought each country had its distinct origin and classification of law,therefore their tendences of legal reform would not be same. Every nation would reform on the basis of its own culture.culture and conditions. If Lao's thinking and proposal of law had been adopted timely and carried out properly in the legal reform of the late Qing,blindness in legal reform should has been reduced,new laws should has been made more practicable and authoritative. Compared with the legislation beforehand,this would hold the stabilization of the society,and accorded with the continual development of law in larger degree.

勞乃宣是清末修律中禮教派的主要代表人物，由于他長(zhǎng)期在基層做官，更能注意到傳統(tǒng)禮教在國(guó)人法律心理中的廣泛性和持久性。所以在改革法律的重心和程度上，他認(rèn)為各國(guó)法律的起源和分類(lèi)不同，其變法也不能趨同，應(yīng)該立足本國(guó)國(guó)情，因俗治宜，保持各自的特色。 勞乃宣關(guān)于法律特殊性的認(rèn)識(shí)和主張，如果在清末修律中運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，就可以相應(yīng)地減少清末修律中的盲目性，使新法在吸收舊有法律的基礎(chǔ)上更具有可操作性和權(quán)威性。這與超前立法相比，更能保持社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定性，也更符合法律持續(xù)性發(fā)展的規(guī)律。

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：一種西方的經(jīng)驗(yàn)——權(quán)力制約與法治關(guān)系的歷史透視，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。