本文關鍵詞：南朝政治影響下的史學，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

南朝政治影響下的史學

南朝政治影響下的史學

南朝史學是中國史學發(fā)展的重要階段,在中國古代史學史中占據(jù)特殊而又重要的地位,它與北朝史學相比既具有共同點,又具有獨特之處,并且與北朝史學一起,上承魏晉史學,下啟隋唐史學。雖然短短經(jīng)歷一百多年時間,但是創(chuàng)造了較為輝煌的史學�？偨Y這個時期的政治影響下史官制度、政治格局下的史書編撰、政治思想下的史學觀念,不但可以深化南朝史學的研究,并且對中國古代史學研究具有指導意 義。因此研究這個時期史學與政治的關系,既是研究南朝歷史的重要內(nèi)容,又是研究史學史的需要。南朝政治下的史學走向與發(fā)展,主要表現(xiàn)為幾下幾個方面:一、南朝政治制度影響下的史官制度,具體表現(xiàn)在史官的設置、史官的選拔二個方面。第一、南朝史官的設置進一步健全,表現(xiàn)為史官職責進一步細化,修撰史書的工作由秘書監(jiān)總領,著作郎、著作佐郎、著作令史、撰史學士等專職史官負責。第二、南朝史官的選拔,基本上繼承了兩漢時期的選拔史官的制度,選拔史官的途徑主要有官員兼領、皇帝征召、官員推薦三種途徑,呈現(xiàn)出多碩博在線論文網(wǎng)化的趨勢。二、南朝政治環(huán)境影響下的史書編纂,具體表現(xiàn)在維護皇權促成的起居注實錄的編撰、政權更迭導致的皇朝史編纂的高潮、門閥政治影響的家史類著述的擴展、釋道流傳引發(fā)的傳注類撰述的興起、文化繁榮推動的圖書目錄學的發(fā)展等五個方面。第一、南朝時期各政權國祚短暫,統(tǒng)治者為了達到維護皇權穩(wěn)固統(tǒng)治的目的,重視和皇帝關系的起居注和實錄的編撰,促成了起居注的興盛和實錄的初興。第二、南朝時期政權更迭頻繁,統(tǒng)治者一方面宣揚自己的政權正統(tǒng)地位,另一方面希望吸取前代的歷史經(jīng)驗與教訓,達到長治久安的目的,導致了皇朝史編撰的高潮。第三、由于南朝門閥制度的衰落,使得人物品評之風也逐漸衰落,使之雜傳在南朝時也走向了衰落,代之而起的則是在南朝政治生活中發(fā)揮著重要的作用譜牒之書的興盛,使得南朝譜牒類著述無論是在人物層次上,還是地區(qū)范圍上都呈現(xiàn)出了種擴大的趨勢。由于南朝門閥士族標榜郡望,也就間接推動了地記的發(fā)展,使得南朝的地記取得了一定的成果。第四、南朝時期釋道的流行,引發(fā)了《高僧傳》、《名僧傳》等為數(shù)不多的釋道人物傳記,同時受到釋氏“合本子注”的影響,產(chǎn)生了《三國志注》、《世說新語注》等著名的史注。第五、南朝時期文化的繁榮,推動了圖書目錄學的發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了《四部目錄》、《七志》、《七錄》等三部有影響的綜合性目錄學著作。三、南朝政治思想影響下的史學觀念,具體表現(xiàn)在君權神授觀念的宣揚、皇朝正統(tǒng)觀念的闡發(fā)、歷史盛衰觀念的流行、門閥士族觀念的維護、宗教迷信觀念的反映、民族夷夏觀念的強化等六個方面。第一、南朝統(tǒng)治者為了標榜各自政權的合法性,紛紛宣揚天人感應學說,使得史家在其史著中大力宣揚君權神授觀念。第二、南朝統(tǒng)治者為了維護所建政權的正統(tǒng)地位,大肆宣揚應運而興學說,使得史家在其史著中著力闡發(fā)皇朝正統(tǒng)觀念。第三、南朝統(tǒng)治者為了鞏固自己的統(tǒng)治,迫切需要借鑒歷史興亡中的教訓,使得史家立足于現(xiàn)實,從不同方面探討皇朝興衰的理由,在其史著中格外注重歷史盛衰觀念。第四、南朝時期盡管門閥制度開始走向衰落,然而門閥士族仍然是享有許多特權的政治集團,門閥士族觀念仍然一股重要的政治思潮,使得史家在其史著中表現(xiàn)出維護門閥士族地位的觀念。第五、南朝時期大批帝王貴族、世家大族以及著名文人,紛紛皈依佛門或者崇尚道教,在釋道思想的影響下,史家在其史著中表現(xiàn)出宗教迷信觀念。第六、南朝政權與北朝政權的對峙,南朝統(tǒng)治者對待少數(shù)民族政權的態(tài)度政策,使得這一時期的史家在其史著中特別強化民族夷夏觀念。

【Abstract】 The Southern Dynasty historiography is an important phase in China Ancient Historiography development and it occupies a special and important position. Compared with the Northern Dynasty historiography, it has common points as well as unique features. With Nothern Dynasty historiography, it connects Wei Jin historiography and goes with Sui Tang historiography. It goes just more than one hundred years, but creates a comparatively refulgent historiography. Summary of historiographer system under the political influence, history writing under political situation and historical concept under political ideology can deepen the southern dynasty study as well as guide China ancient history study. Therefore there is need to study relationship between historiography and politics. It is important content to study the southern dynasty history and need of history study. The trend and development of the southern dynasty historiography mainly represents the following aspects:Ⅰ.Historiography system under influence of the southern dynasty finds expression in two aspects: historiographer set and selection.First, historiographer setting further perfect. Responsibility of historiographers is further detailed. Special officials take charge of history records compiling. Second, selection of historiographers mainly inherits Han Dynasty historiographer selection system. Historiographer selection mainly includes three ways: officials hold a concurrent post, emperors conscript, officials recommend. It shows pluralism.Ⅱ.History records compilation under influence of the southern dynasty politics represents in five aspects: preservation of imperial power prompt writing of daily life note; regime change lead to heat of dynasty history writing; hereditary powerful family history writing expand; Spread of Taoism trigger rise of biography and note writing, prosperity of culture push development of books bibliography First,each regime of this period is short. To preserve imperial power and firm reign, rulers attach importance to daily life note and memoir writing of kings . It contributes prosperity of daily life note andfirst rise of memoir. Second, the southern regime change frequently. On the one hand, rulers advocate the orthodoxy position of their regime. In the other hand, they hope to adsorb historical experience and lessons of former dynasty and achieve stability purpose. It leads to high tide of dynasty history writing. Third,although hereditary powerful family begin to decline, there is still a certain political and social influence. As a result, they protect their special interests though various channels, and character level and region expand in family history writings. Fourth,The popularity of Taoism trigger few biography such as“Biography of eminent monk”,“Biography of famous monks”. Meanwhile, famous histoy notes come into being ,such as“Note of The History of the Three Kingdoms”,“Note of new anecdotes of social talk”, etc. Fifth,Prosperity of culture in this period prompt development of books bibliography.“Four department directory”,“Seven Will”and“Seven Records”three influential bibliography writing come into being.Ⅲ.Historical concepts under the southern dynasty politics represents in six aspects: publicity of divine right, analysis of dynasty legitimacy, popularity of history prosperity and decline, assertion of hereditary powerful family, reflection of religious superstition, reinforcement of national concept .First, In order to advertise validity of regime, rulers advocate interaction between heaven and mankind and they make historiographer advocate divine right in their records. Second, to preserve their regime oxthodoxy position, the rulers advocate will of heaven, and it makes historians put forth effort to explicate dynasty orthodox concept. Third, in order to make their regime stable,the rulers need to draw lessons from the historical rise and fall of the former generation dynasties. Based on reality, historians probe into reasons of dynasty rise and decline from different aspects,and they lay emphasis on history rise and fall concept. Fourth,Although the hereditary powerful family begin to walk to the decline, hereditary powerful family is still a political group with privilege. hereditary powerful family concept is still an important political thought trend and it makes historians preserve hereditary power family status in their historical records. Fifth,Many noble kings and princes, famous scholors convert to Buddha or advocate Taoism. Under the influence of taoism, historians show religious superstition in their records. Sixth,The southern regime and the northern regime stand opposite each other. The attitude and policy of the southern ruler to minorities make historians especially emphasize national concept.

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  本文關鍵詞：南朝政治影響下的史學，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。