【摘要】：弗洛伊德作為人類(lèi)歷史上最有影響力的社會(huì)思想家之一，其思想對(duì)于整個(gè)二十世紀(jì)的社會(huì)理論的發(fā)展起到了舉足輕重的作用。其影響力不僅僅局限于心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，更在其他的人文社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域如哲學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、文學(xué)等等，產(chǎn)生了沖擊力般的影響。 在西方劇烈的社會(huì)變遷的時(shí)代背景之下，弗洛伊德和眾多的社會(huì)思想家們開(kāi)始探索社會(huì)存在的原因和社會(huì)變遷的動(dòng)力。這一社會(huì)科學(xué)的研究主題也可以概括為“霍布斯難題”，，即“人對(duì)人都是狼”個(gè)體的是怎樣被整合進(jìn)集體社會(huì)的生活當(dāng)中的。弗洛伊德對(duì)這一社會(huì)學(xué)的研究主題從精神分析學(xué)說(shuō)的視角提供了新的解釋。弗洛伊德的理論體系可以簡(jiǎn)單的歸納為五個(gè)部分，分別是初始過(guò)程和次級(jí)過(guò)程理論；性發(fā)展階段理論；里比多理論；人類(lèi)精神機(jī)制的三位一體；性本能對(duì)于死本能的理論。其中前四個(gè)理論體系時(shí)屬于微觀層面，而性本能和死亡本能的理論則是弗洛伊德在論述宗教與文明中所逐漸發(fā)展完善的宏觀理論。 在微觀的個(gè)體社會(huì)化方面，弗洛伊德運(yùn)用了個(gè)體性發(fā)展的五階段論來(lái)闡述自然屬性的個(gè)人是怎樣首先從家庭開(kāi)始慢慢的發(fā)展成為符合社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求的社會(huì)人。弗洛伊德這些關(guān)于社會(huì)化的觀點(diǎn)正好切合了庫(kù)利的“鏡中我”和“初級(jí)群體”的社會(huì)學(xué)概念。在宏觀的社會(huì)理論方面，弗洛伊德運(yùn)用本能理論來(lái)闡述宗教和文明的發(fā)展。弗洛伊德認(rèn)為建立在宗教基礎(chǔ)上的文明更是一種幻想，取得了當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同，但對(duì)于用什么代替宗教來(lái)整合社會(huì)秩序的疑問(wèn)，迪爾凱姆認(rèn)為是科學(xué)信仰，帕累托則認(rèn)為是感情，而韋伯相信“契約”的整合力量。此外，弗洛伊德還更深入到了文明的本質(zhì)中去探討本能與文明之間的關(guān)系，發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)人與社會(huì)的緊張關(guān)系反映在精神層面就是本能與文明的沖突，進(jìn)一步提出若想讓文明得到發(fā)展，就應(yīng)當(dāng)合理的避免死亡本能或進(jìn)攻性本能對(duì)于社會(huì)生活的干擾。 帕森斯、弗洛姆、哈貝馬斯和馬爾庫(kù)塞等這些二十世紀(jì)的社會(huì)思想家們都從弗洛伊德的理論中獲得了思想源泉。而在當(dāng)代的美國(guó)理論界，這些社會(huì)學(xué)理論和精神分析學(xué)說(shuō)的融合也逐漸的形成了一個(gè)新的思想流派，即精神分析社會(huì)學(xué)。
[Abstract]:Freud, as one of the most influential social thinkers in human history, played an important role in the development of social theory in the whole 20th century. Its influence is not confined to the field of psychology, but also in other fields of humanities and social sciences such as philosophy, sociology, politics, literature and so on. Under the background of drastic social changes in the West, Freud and many social thinkers began to explore the causes of social existence and the motive force of social change. The research theme of this social science can also be summed up as "Hobbes problem", that is, how the individual of "man to man is wolf" is integrated into the life of collective society. Freud provided a new explanation for the subject of sociology from the perspective of psychoanalysis. Freud's theoretical system can be simply divided into five parts, namely, the theory of initial process and secondary process; the theory of stage of sexual development; the theory of Ribedo; the trinity of human spiritual mechanism; and the theory of sexual instinct to death instinct. The first four theoretical systems belong to the microscopic level, while the theories of sexual instinct and death instinct are the macroscopic theories developed gradually by Freud in discussing religion and civilization. In the aspect of microcosmic individual socialization, Freud uses the five-stage theory of individual development to explain how the individual with natural attributes develops slowly from family to social person according with social standards. Freud's views on socialization fit into Kuli's sociological concepts of "I in the mirror" and "primary group." In the macroscopic social theory, Freud uses instinct theory to expound the development of religion and civilization. Freud thought that civilization based on religion was even more a fantasy, which was recognized by sociologists at that time, but Dilkheim thought it was scientific belief in the question of what to replace religion to integrate the social order. Pareto thought it was emotion, while Weber believed in the integrated power of the contract. In addition, Freud went deeper into the nature of civilization to explore the relationship between instinct and civilization, and found that the tension between individual and society reflected in the spiritual level is the conflict between instinct and civilization. Further, if we want civilization to develop, we should avoid the interference of death instinct or offensive instinct to social life. Parsons, Fromm, Habermas, Marcuse, and other social thinkers of the 20th century all obtained the source of thought from Freud's theory. In the contemporary American theoretical circle, the fusion of these sociological theories and psychoanalytic theories has gradually formed a new school of thought, that is, psychoanalytic sociology.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：福州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：C91-06

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