本文選題：生態(tài)退變 + 資源利用方式�。� 參考：《吉首大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：二十世紀(jì)以來。我們的生態(tài)環(huán)境逐步惡化,“人地關(guān)系”趨于緊張,并成為社會(huì)各界的熱門話題。尤其是進(jìn)入當(dāng)代,在全國范圍內(nèi)都普遍出現(xiàn)生態(tài)退變現(xiàn)象,嚴(yán)重影響了人類的生產(chǎn)生活。倘若置之不理,任由其演變,人類的可持續(xù)發(fā)展必將受到嚴(yán)峻地挑戰(zhàn)。在這一大背景下,武陵山區(qū)也未曾幸免,同樣暴露出諸多生態(tài)問題。其主要表現(xiàn)為生態(tài)災(zāi)害頻繁出現(xiàn),生物多樣性銳減,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)受阻,土地生產(chǎn)力降低等諸多方面。對(duì)于這些生態(tài)退變現(xiàn)象成因的分析,當(dāng)代學(xué)人各執(zhí)一說,有的學(xué)者習(xí)慣于指認(rèn),人口的增長必然成為生態(tài)退變的直接原因,特別是人口增長后的過牧、過樵、過墾等對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的危害極大;當(dāng)然,也有不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為社會(huì)的破壞性,比如戰(zhàn)爭對(duì)生態(tài)退變的負(fù)作用更大。然而,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的變遷,通常都是一個(gè)緩慢演進(jìn)的積累過程,原因在于,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)所涉及到的物質(zhì)和能量規(guī)模都極為龐大,人類在一時(shí)一地的干擾并不足以撼動(dòng)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定,只有在文化與生態(tài)的協(xié)同演變下,資源利用方式與當(dāng)?shù)厮鶎俚淖匀慌c生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不相兼容后,經(jīng)過長期地積累后才能引發(fā)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的退變。武陵山區(qū)既是自然與生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的過渡帶,也是不同民族文化分布之間的過渡帶,因而,武陵山區(qū)既與內(nèi)地存在著明顯的差異,同時(shí)又與云貴高原腹地存在著一定的差別,歷代王朝在統(tǒng)轄這一地區(qū)時(shí),也就不得不采取互有區(qū)別的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)策略。政策的出臺(tái),事關(guān)當(dāng)?shù)馗髯寰用裆鐣?huì)生活的方方面面,包括人口的流動(dòng),產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,社會(huì)管理制度的推陳出新等,最直接的就是對(duì)資源利用方式具有明顯的導(dǎo)向作用。而當(dāng)今的生態(tài)事實(shí)卻告訴我們,當(dāng)前的資源利用方式明顯適當(dāng),否則就不可能暴露出如此多的生態(tài)災(zāi)害。幸運(yùn)的是,“改土歸流”后,這一地區(qū)發(fā)生了重大社會(huì)變遷,那就是各級(jí)行政部門陸續(xù)編纂了地方文獻(xiàn),從而使得很多歷史問題可以得到系統(tǒng)地反映。其中,這一地區(qū)在不同時(shí)期陸續(xù)編纂了多套府志和縣志,尤其是里面的“物產(chǎn)”分志,全面地記錄了人們?cè)谔囟〞r(shí)期下的生產(chǎn)生活狀況,包括農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、工業(yè)以及其它副產(chǎn)品經(jīng)營情況,系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)了同一時(shí)空?qǐng)鲇蛳氯祟惿a(chǎn)活動(dòng)與所處自然與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的互動(dòng)關(guān)系。如果對(duì)其進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的解讀,集中聚焦于資源利用方式與所處的自然與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是否相互兼容,相互適應(yīng),就能發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致生態(tài)退變的社會(huì)文化成因。因此,以史為鑒,重建人與自然的和諧關(guān)系才是化解生態(tài)問題的正確做法。在“生態(tài)文明”建設(shè)已經(jīng)成為既定國策的今天,同時(shí)隨著武陵山區(qū)生態(tài)功能區(qū)(水土保持,生物多樣性)地位的確立,武陵山地區(qū)的生態(tài)恢復(fù)和生態(tài)保護(hù)將直接關(guān)系到國家的生態(tài)安全。有鑒于此,重新審視武陵山區(qū)傳統(tǒng)生計(jì)方式,取準(zhǔn)于歷史上穩(wěn)定的文化與生態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu),從中必然可以選取當(dāng)代生態(tài)建設(shè)的優(yōu)化目標(biāo)、手段、路徑,并能在當(dāng)?shù)馗髅褡宓膫鹘y(tǒng)知識(shí)和技能中,篩選出有用的生態(tài)修復(fù)和生態(tài)維護(hù)的手段和方法。吸取歷史上的教訓(xùn),針對(duì)性的防范生態(tài)災(zāi)變的發(fā)生,對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)卣谖淞晟絽^(qū)實(shí)施的各項(xiàng)政策的利弊得失做出準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估,同時(shí)也可以為當(dāng)代的決策提供借鑒和參考。
[Abstract]:Since twentieth Century, our ecological environment has gradually deteriorated, the "human land relationship" tends to be tense, and has become a hot topic of all walks of life. Especially in the contemporary era, the phenomenon of ecological degeneration is generally appeared throughout the country, which seriously affects human production and life. If it is ignored and let it evolve, the sustainable development of mankind will be sure. Under this big background, the mountain area of Wuling has not been escaped, and many ecological problems have been exposed. The main manifestations are the frequent occurrence of ecological disasters, the sharp decline in biodiversity, the hindrance of agricultural production and the decrease of the productivity of the land. Some scholars are accustomed to recognizing that the growth of the population will inevitably become a direct cause of ecological degeneration, especially the overgrazing, overgrazing, and reclamation of the population after the population growth, and many scholars believe that the society is destructive, such as the greater negative effect of war on ecological degeneration. It is often a process of accumulation of slow evolution, because the scale of the material and energy involved in the ecosystem is very large, and the interference of human being at the moment is not enough to shake the stability of the ecosystem. Only in the evolution of culture and ecology, the use of resources is not compatible with the natural and ecological system of the local area. After a long period of accumulation, it can lead to the degeneration of the ecosystem. The mountain area of Wuling is not only a transitional zone between nature and ecological structure, but also a transitional zone between different ethnic cultural distribution. Therefore, there are obvious differences between the Wuling mountains and the mainland, and there are some differences with the original hinterland of Yun Guigao, and the dynasties of the past dynasties are governed by the dynasties. In this area, we have to adopt different social and economic strategies, which are related to all aspects of the social life of the local residents, including the flow of the population, the adjustment of the industrial structure, the development of the social management system and so on. The most direct way is to have a clear guiding role in the use of resources. The ecological facts tell us that the current way of resource utilization is obviously appropriate, otherwise it will not be possible to expose so many ecological disasters. Fortunately, the region has undergone major social changes after "changing soil and returning to the flow", that is, the administrative departments at all levels have compiled local documents in succession so that many historical problems can be obtained system. In this area, the region has compiled many sets of mansion and county records in different periods, especially the "property" in the area, which comprehensively records the production and living conditions of people in a specific period, including agriculture, forestry, industry and other by-products, and systematically responds to human production activities in the same space and time field. The interaction between natural and ecological systems, if a systematic interpretation of it, focusing on the compatibility of resource utilization and natural and ecological systems to each other, can be found to cause the social and cultural causes of ecological degeneration. Therefore, to reconstruct the harmonious relationship between human and nature is to resolve the ecological relationship. At the same time, with the establishment of the ecological function area (soil and water conservation, biodiversity) status in the Wuling mountain area, the ecological restoration and ecological protection of the Wuling mountain area will directly affect the national safety of the state. In view of this, the traditional students in the Wuling mountain area are re examined. According to the cultural and ecological structure which is stable in history, it is inevitable to select the optimization objectives, means and paths of contemporary ecological construction, and to select the useful means and methods of ecological restoration and ecological maintenance in the traditional knowledge and skills of the local ethnic groups. The occurrence of the catastrophe has made an accurate assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of various policies implemented by the local government in Wuling mountain area, and can also provide reference and reference for contemporary decision making.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉首大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：C912.4

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