本文選題：農(nóng)村人口退出 + 農(nóng)地功能��； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)村人口退出農(nóng)村融入城市是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中的必然現(xiàn)象,也是現(xiàn)代化過程中的必經(jīng)階段。農(nóng)村人口從農(nóng)村的徹底退出關(guān)系到農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)要素的重新組合,農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的實(shí)現(xiàn)以及農(nóng)村發(fā)展必須以農(nóng)業(yè)人口的減少為前提,大量存在的農(nóng)業(yè)人口是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的。農(nóng)村人口的退出也關(guān)系到我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化的健康發(fā)展,城鎮(zhèn)大量流動(dòng)人口不能轉(zhuǎn)化為永久性居民并實(shí)現(xiàn)真正融合,表面看來是與戶籍、就業(yè)、教育、醫(yī)療、社會(huì)保障制度相關(guān),其實(shí)是與“給農(nóng)民以土地,給市民以保障”的舊有思路與土地制度基礎(chǔ)一脈相承。由于農(nóng)村退出人口一頭連接城市和工業(yè),一頭連接農(nóng)村和農(nóng)業(yè),其能否有效退出也關(guān)系到我國(guó)“三化”協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。從上述意義上講,本文研究所指的農(nóng)村人口退出,是指農(nóng)村人口的“完全退出”,即是具有農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織成員資格和身份的成員,自愿將其憑借其身份取得的土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)和宅基地使用權(quán)等以退還、轉(zhuǎn)讓等其他形式讓渡給所在農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或其他個(gè)人,從法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系上與原來所在農(nóng)村社區(qū)脫離關(guān)系的行為。農(nóng)村土地制度改革已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)期的探索,但其目標(biāo)是多元化的,如資源的有效利用、實(shí)現(xiàn)糧食生產(chǎn)量的最大化以保證食品的供給、提高農(nóng)民收入、保持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定等等。但其根本性的缺陷表現(xiàn)在至今未建立起土地改革-農(nóng)村人口退出-城鎮(zhèn)融合和農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展的有效機(jī)制。在城鎮(zhèn)化、工業(yè)化快速發(fā)展過程中中國(guó)的農(nóng)民正在分化,農(nóng)村土地的功能也在變化,適應(yīng)這種變化的農(nóng)村土地制度改革迫在眉睫。因此,本文的著眼點(diǎn)在于完善土地制度改革,同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村人口的有效退出。論文著力探討了農(nóng)村土地功能發(fā)生變化的背景下如何深化農(nóng)村土地制度改革以促進(jìn)農(nóng)村人口的退出,內(nèi)容主要分三大部分：第一部分,構(gòu)建基于農(nóng)村人口退出視角的人口流動(dòng)模型,分析土地制度對(duì)農(nóng)村人口退出的影響及農(nóng)村土地功能的變化。第二部分析現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村土地制度下農(nóng)村人口的退出狀況以及農(nóng)村人口退出對(duì)土地制度改革的需求。第三部分提出促進(jìn)農(nóng)村人口退出的中國(guó)農(nóng)村土地制度改革的對(duì)策建議,在比較中國(guó)主要農(nóng)村土地制度創(chuàng)新特征和人口退出效果,對(duì)湖北案例進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析的基礎(chǔ)上,提出有利于農(nóng)村人口退出的中國(guó)土地制度改革的原則、方向、政策建議、模式選擇等。全文共6章,具體內(nèi)容如下：第一章為導(dǎo)論,對(duì)論文研究概況及相關(guān)研究基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要介紹。具體包括選題理由、研究意義、文獻(xiàn)綜述、研究思路、研究?jī)?nèi)容與方法以及論文創(chuàng)新之處。在對(duì)國(guó)外鄉(xiāng)城人口遷移與農(nóng)村土地利用、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、農(nóng)村土地制度、土地市場(chǎng)的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜述的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)農(nóng)村人口退出、農(nóng)地制度改革、農(nóng)村人口退出與農(nóng)地制度改革結(jié)合相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行較為系統(tǒng)的梳理,并對(duì)研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要述評(píng)。第二章為農(nóng)村人口退出與農(nóng)地制度的關(guān)系。首先分析了農(nóng)村人口退出的內(nèi)涵和必要性,接著分析農(nóng)地制度以及農(nóng)村人口退出與農(nóng)地制度的關(guān)系。分析結(jié)果顯示傳統(tǒng)人口流動(dòng)理論對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村人口退出缺乏解釋力,本文從農(nóng)村人口退出視角對(duì)托達(dá)羅模型再修正,得出農(nóng)村土地制度是農(nóng)村人口退出的主要制約因素。這種制約是隨著農(nóng)村土地對(duì)農(nóng)村人口的功能發(fā)生變化而產(chǎn)生的,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展和農(nóng)民收入水平的變化,農(nóng)村土地對(duì)農(nóng)村人口來說不再是簡(jiǎn)單具有生產(chǎn)和保障功能,還具有財(cái)產(chǎn)功能,在高收入階段,財(cái)產(chǎn)性功能需求快速增長(zhǎng)并成為主要的新增需求。由于土地退出、交易環(huán)節(jié)制度缺失,影響了農(nóng)村土地財(cái)產(chǎn)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn),影響到農(nóng)村人口的遷移決策,也使傳統(tǒng)的人口流動(dòng)理論在我國(guó)特殊制度背景下缺乏一定的解釋力。第三章為現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村土地制度下農(nóng)村人口的退出狀況。在總結(jié)現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村土地制度(包括農(nóng)用地和建設(shè)用地)的特征的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步分析了中國(guó)農(nóng)村人口退出現(xiàn)狀及問題。估算結(jié)果顯示1991-2012年農(nóng)村人口年均退出850萬左右,退出過程中存在農(nóng)村半退出人口數(shù)量多,全退出人口數(shù)量較少,退出時(shí)財(cái)產(chǎn)不能有效變現(xiàn),社會(huì)保障體系不完善,被動(dòng)型退出占有一定比例等問題。最后分析了現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村所有權(quán)制度、農(nóng)村土地使用與流轉(zhuǎn)制度、農(nóng)村土地收益分配制度、農(nóng)村土地管理制度對(duì)農(nóng)村人口退出的適應(yīng)性。第四章分析農(nóng)村人口退出對(duì)農(nóng)地制度改革的制度需求。以在湖北的問卷調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為樣本,首先分析了農(nóng)民工及家庭退出意愿,然后采用Logistic回歸模型分析農(nóng)民工退出的相關(guān)影響因素,最后分析了農(nóng)民工退出相關(guān)土地政策需要。研究結(jié)果顯示,近三分之一的農(nóng)民工及家庭具有退出意愿,對(duì)農(nóng)民工轉(zhuǎn)戶意愿產(chǎn)生最大影響的因素是是否在意退出補(bǔ)償政策(即是否有退出補(bǔ)償政策),其次是人均承包地面積,第三是承包地利用形式,第四是家鄉(xiāng)是否有承包地荒廢狀況,第五是老家地理環(huán)境,第六是務(wù)工時(shí)間,第七是家庭現(xiàn)居住地。農(nóng)民工所處的外部條件因素包括政策因素、承包地因素、家庭區(qū)位因素對(duì)其退出意愿產(chǎn)生顯著的影響,而個(gè)人條件因素對(duì)其退出意愿產(chǎn)生的影響較弱。調(diào)查結(jié)果同時(shí)顯示,農(nóng)民工具有較強(qiáng)的承包地和宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)意愿,在意土地流轉(zhuǎn)收益與補(bǔ)償,對(duì)土地流轉(zhuǎn)“財(cái)產(chǎn)收益權(quán)”的實(shí)現(xiàn)需求強(qiáng)烈,部分農(nóng)民工具有土地退出意愿與需求,對(duì)土地自由退出權(quán)的訴求較高。第五章為農(nóng)地制度創(chuàng)新和農(nóng)村人口退出的實(shí)證分析。改革開放以來主要的農(nóng)村土地制度創(chuàng)新模式,以推進(jìn)工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化和規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)為著眼點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn),朝著市場(chǎng)化方向發(fā)展,相對(duì)清晰的界定了收益權(quán),農(nóng)民獲得了部分增值收益,從發(fā)展趨勢(shì)看,主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新模式在一定程度上有趨同的趨勢(shì)。研究結(jié)果顯示,成都模式、重慶模式、浙江模式綜合績(jī)效最好,排在前三位,其人口退出效果也較好。但各種主要土地制度創(chuàng)新人口退出效果存在差異,“宅基地?fù)Q住房,承包地?fù)Q社�！�、“集體建設(shè)用地置換城市建設(shè)用地指標(biāo)”、“土地銀行”、“土地市場(chǎng)”等模式人口退出效果很好,“土地承包長(zhǎng)久不變”、“兩田制”、“宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)”模式有利于農(nóng)村人口退出,“土地股份合作”、“集體建設(shè)用地入市”模式人口退出效果一般,長(zhǎng)期來看人口退出效果較好。最后,在對(duì)31個(gè)省市區(qū)聚類分析的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)各類地區(qū)適用的農(nóng)村人口退出的土地創(chuàng)新模式進(jìn)行分析。第六章,提出促進(jìn)農(nóng)村人口退出的中國(guó)農(nóng)村土地制度改革的對(duì)策與建議�，F(xiàn)階段農(nóng)村土地制度改革應(yīng)以完善農(nóng)村土地集體所有制、推動(dòng)農(nóng)村人口退出為主要方向。通過完善土地相關(guān)立法、建立土地退出權(quán)、推進(jìn)土地全面確權(quán)、引導(dǎo)和規(guī)范集體土地流轉(zhuǎn)、建立健全農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度,并引導(dǎo)各種人口退出的土地改革模式合理發(fā)展推進(jìn)農(nóng)村人口的順利退出。最后提出保障農(nóng)村人口退出后相關(guān)權(quán)益的保障措施。
[Abstract]:The exit of rural population into the city is an inevitable phenomenon in the development of modern economy and society, and it is also a necessary stage in the process of modernization. The complete withdrawal of rural population from rural areas is related to the recombination of rural production elements, the realization of agricultural modernization and the reduction of agricultural population as a prerequisite for the development of agricultural modernization, and a large number of existence. The agricultural population is not possible to modernize the rural areas. The withdrawal of the rural population is also related to the healthy development of urbanization in China. A large number of urban floating population can not be transformed into permanent residents and realize real integration. It seems to be related to the system of household registration, employment, education, medical treatment and social security, in fact, it is the "land for farmers," The old thinking and the foundation of the land system are in the same line. Because the rural population withdraws from the city and industry and connects the countryside and agriculture, its effective withdrawal is also related to the coordinated development of "three" in our country. In this sense, the rural population withdrawal refers to the rural population. Complete withdrawal, namely, a member of the membership and identity of the rural collective economic organization, voluntarily refunds and transfers to the rural collective economic organization or other individuals to the rural collective economic organization or other individuals in the form of legal and economic relations with the original rural area. The rural land system reform has been carried out for a long time, but its objectives are diversified, such as the effective utilization of resources, the maximization of the grain production to ensure the supply of food, the increase of farmers' income, the stability of the society and so on. But the fundamental defect is that the land reform has not been established so far. In the process of urbanization and the rapid development of industrialization, the peasants are differentiating in the process of urbanization and the rapid development of industrialization. The function of rural land is changing. The reform of rural land system to adapt to this change is imminent. Therefore, the focus of this article is to improve the reform of the land system, and In the context of the change of rural land function, the paper focuses on how to deepen the reform of rural land system to promote the withdrawal of rural population. The content is mainly divided into three parts: the first part, the construction of the population flow model based on the perspective of rural population withdrawal, and the analysis of the land system to the rural people The influence of exit and the change of rural land function. The second part analyses the exit status of rural population under the current rural land system and the demand for the rural population withdrawal to the reform of the land system. The third part puts forward some suggestions on the reform of rural land system in China to promote the withdrawal of rural population, and compares the main rural land in China. The characteristics of system innovation and the effect of population withdrawal, based on the empirical analysis of the case of Hubei, put forward the principles, directions, policy suggestions and mode selection of the reform of China's land system in favor of the withdrawal of the rural population. The full text is 6 chapters as follows: the first chapter is the guide, and the summary of the research and the basis of related research is simplified. It includes the reasons for the topic, the significance of the research, the literature review, the research ideas, the content and methods of the study, and the innovation of the paper. On the basis of the comprehensive literature on the migration of the rural population, the rural land use, the agricultural development, the rural land system and the land market, the domestic rural population withdrawal and the land system reform are made. The second chapter is the relationship between the rural population withdrawal and the farmland system. First, it analyzes the connotation and necessity of rural population withdrawal, and then analyzes the agricultural land system and the rural population withdrawal and rural land system. The analysis results show that the traditional population flow theory does not explain the exit of the rural population in China. This paper revise the Todaro model from the perspective of rural population withdrawal, and conclude that the rural land system is the main restriction factor for the withdrawal of the rural population. This restriction is produced by the change of rural land's function to the rural population. With the development of economy and society and the change of farmers' income level, rural land is no longer simple for rural population to have the function of production and guarantee, but also has property function. In the high income stage, the demand for property function is increasing rapidly and becoming the main new demand. Because of the land withdrawal, the lack of transaction link system has been affected. The realization of the function of rural land property affects the decision of the migration of the rural population, and also makes the traditional population flow theory lack certain explanatory power under the background of the special system in China. The third chapter is the exit status of the rural population under the current rural land system. It is a summary of the current rural land and land system (including agricultural land and construction land). On the basis of the exiting, the current situation and problems of the rural population exit in China are further analyzed. The results show that the rural population withdrew about 8 million 500 thousand annually in 1991-2012 years, and there was a large number of rural semi withdrawing population in the process of withdrawal, the total exit of the population was less, the property could not be effectively changed, the social security system was not perfect, and the passive type was withdrawn. In the end, it analyzes the current rural ownership system, the rural land use and circulation system, the rural land income distribution system, the adaptability of the rural land management system to the rural population withdrawal. The fourth chapter analyses the system demand of the rural population withdrawal to the rural land system reform. The questionnaire survey data in Hubei For the sample, first analysis of migrant workers and family withdrawal will, and then use Logistic regression model to analyze the related factors of migrant workers' exit, and finally analyze the needs of rural migrant workers' exit related land policy. The results show that nearly 1/3 of the migrant workers and families have the desire to exit, and have the greatest shadow for the willingness of migrant workers to transfer to the households. The factor of the noise is whether to pay attention to the exit compensation policy (whether there is the policy of withdrawing compensation), the next is the per capita contracted land area, the third is the form of contracted land use, the fourth is whether there is the waste situation of the contracted land in the hometown, the fifth is the geographical environment of the old family, the sixth is the working time, and the seventh is the home residence. The external conditions of the migrant workers are due to the external conditions. It includes policy factors, contract land factors and family location factors have a significant impact on their exit intention, and individual factors have a weak impact on their exit intention. The results show that migrant workers have strong contractual and homestead turnover intention, and the income and compensation of land transfer and land transfer "property". The realization demand of income right is strong. Some peasant workers have the desire and demand of land withdrawal. The fifth chapter is an empirical analysis of rural land system innovation and rural population withdrawal. The main innovation mode of rural land system since the reform and opening up is to promote industrialization, urbanization and scale management. At the point of view and foothold in the direction of the market, the income rights are clearly defined, and the farmers have gained some value-added income. From the trend of development, the main innovation model has the trend of convergence to a certain extent. The results show that the Chengdu model, the Chongqing model and the Zhejiang model have the best comprehensive performance, which are ranked in the top three, and their people exit the effect. But the results are better. However, there are differences in the effect of a variety of major land system innovation. "Homestead for housing, contract for social security", "collective construction land replacement of urban construction land indicators", "land bank", "land market" and other modes of population withdrawal is very good, "land contract for a long time", "two field system", " The model of homestead transfer is beneficial to the exit of the rural population, "land share cooperation" and "collective construction land into the city" model, the effect of population withdrawal is general, and the effect of population withdrawal is better in the long run. Finally, on the basis of the cluster analysis of 31 provinces and cities, the land innovation model of rural population withdrawing from various areas is divided. In the sixth chapter, we put forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the reform of the rural land system to promote the withdrawal of rural population. At the present stage, the reform of the rural land system should be based on improving the collective ownership of rural land and promoting the withdrawal of rural population as the main direction. The collective land circulation, establish and improve the rural social security system, and guide the rational development of the land reform model of all kinds of population exit to promote the smooth exit of the rural population. Finally, the protection measures to protect the related rights and interests of the rural population after the exit are put forward.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：F321.1;F323.6

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