本文關(guān)鍵詞： 在職貧窮 貧窮線 非工業(yè)化　出處：《深圳大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在職貧窮是貧窮問(wèn)題中所出現(xiàn)的新現(xiàn)象,它指的是一個(gè)人或家庭雖然有工作但其收入水平仍低于特定的貧窮線。在海外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和地區(qū),在職貧窮通常被視為是近幾十年以來(lái)全球化和非工業(yè)化(deindustrialization)造成的問(wèn)題。在全球范圍內(nèi),福利主義政策逐漸被新自由主義政策所取代,大量工廠轉(zhuǎn)移到新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體,許多工人失業(yè)或只能從事低工資、低技術(shù)、低福利的服務(wù)業(yè)崗位;一些國(guó)家沒(méi)有最低工資立法,服務(wù)業(yè)勞工的收入沒(méi)有保障;福利開(kāi)支的縮減,導(dǎo)致社會(huì)福利服務(wù)的萎縮,對(duì)基層工人家庭的支援減少,導(dǎo)致貧窮問(wèn)題惡化。清潔工是典型的低工資、低技術(shù)的服務(wù)工作,在海外也是在職貧窮情況較嚴(yán)重的行業(yè)。清潔工在我國(guó)雖然被稱(chēng)為“城市的美容師”,但這美化的名稱(chēng)可能會(huì)掩蓋了他們有工作但仍然陷于貧窮的事實(shí)。深圳市現(xiàn)在正處于非工業(yè)化的階段,第三產(chǎn)業(yè)占年生產(chǎn)總值的百分比已經(jīng)突破百分之六十。那么像清潔工這樣的低端服務(wù)業(yè)工人會(huì)否陷入在職貧窮呢?作者通過(guò)對(duì)深圳市清潔工群體展開(kāi)就業(yè)與收入、生活狀況調(diào)查與分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)深圳市清潔工群體的在職貧窮情況比較嚴(yán)重,其相對(duì)貧窮率達(dá)到近三成。然后,筆者通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)和訪談的分析,找出導(dǎo)致深圳市清潔工在職貧窮的成因。其一是源于清潔工群體的“低收入”與“需撫養(yǎng)家庭成員較多”;其二是源自于雇主對(duì)清潔工的不公義行為,包括薪酬、福利、工作時(shí)間的剝削。在分析深圳市清潔工群體在職貧窮的成因后,筆者提出了三點(diǎn)建議。其一,建議政府需要適時(shí)檢討最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn),逐步提高最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)占職工平均工資的比例;其二,通過(guò)研究和推行“低收入在職家庭補(bǔ)貼”計(jì)劃,幫助處于貧窮之中的清潔工家庭提升收入,舒緩其困難;其三,政府應(yīng)采取措施保障清潔工的社保繳納、加班工作補(bǔ)償,幫助清潔工群體建立工會(huì),讓他們能維護(hù)自身權(quán)益,同時(shí)亦應(yīng)該對(duì)違規(guī)清潔公司進(jìn)行重罰。
[Abstract]:Working poverty is a new phenomenon in the context of poverty. It refers to a person or a family whose income level is still below a specific poverty line despite having a job... in developed countries and regions abroad, Working poverty is often seen as a problem caused by globalization and deindustrialization in recent decades. Globally, welfarist policies have been gradually replaced by neoliberal policies, with a large number of factories moving to emerging economies. Many workers are unemployed or can only engage in low-wage, low-skilled, low-benefit service jobs; in some countries, there is no minimum wage legislation, and the income of workers in the service sector is insecure; and the reduction in welfare expenditure has led to the contraction of social welfare services. Reduced support for grass-roots workers' families has exacerbated poverty. Cleaners are typically low-paid, low-skilled service jobs. Cleaners are called "city beauticians" in our country, but the name of beautification may cover up the fact that they have jobs but are still in poverty. At the stage of de-industrialization, The tertiary sector as a percentage of GDP has topped 60%. Will low-end service workers like cleaners fall into working poverty? By investigating and analyzing the employment, income and living conditions of the cleaners in Shenzhen, the author finds that the working poverty of the cleaners in Shenzhen is serious, and the relative poverty rate is nearly 30%. Through the analysis of data and interviews, Identify the causes of working poverty among cleaners in Shenzhen. One is "low income" and "more dependent family members" from the cleaners group; the other is the unfair behavior of employers towards cleaners, including pay and benefits. After analyzing the causes of working poverty among cleaners in Shenzhen, the author puts forward three suggestions. First, it is suggested that the government should review the minimum wage in due course. Step by step, raise the minimum wage as a proportion of the average worker's wage; second, help cleaners in poverty raise their income and ease their difficulties by studying and implementing a "low-income working family subsidy" program. The government should take measures to safeguard social security payments for cleaners, compensate for overtime work, help cleaners set up trade unions so that they can defend their rights and interests, and impose heavy penalties on illegal cleaning companies.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：深圳大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D412.6

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