【摘要】：在1840年到1861年之間中國人寫成的22種有關(guān)介紹世界歷史地理的書籍中,影響最大的是魏源的《海國圖志》和徐繼ul的《瀛寰志略》。就兩書的比較而言,寫作動(dòng)機(jī)的不同決定了內(nèi)容的不同取舍,而內(nèi)容的不同取舍又決定了兩書的不同特點(diǎn),即《海國圖志》以博見長,《瀛寰志略》以精取勝。但無論是《海國圖志》的以博見長,還是《瀛寰志略》的以精取勝,實(shí)際上都有它們的合理性,也都實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的寫作宗旨和目的。我們很難籠統(tǒng)地在它們之間分出誰優(yōu)誰劣。作為中國最早"睜眼看世界"的歷史地理書,《海國圖志》和《瀛寰志略》中對世界大勢作了比較全面的介紹,它們的介紹具有較為全面,重點(diǎn)突出,新知識、舊觀念這樣三個(gè)特點(diǎn)。除它們所共同具有的這些特點(diǎn)外,在"睜眼看世界"方面,《瀛寰志略》有三點(diǎn)要優(yōu)勝于《海國圖志》:一是對傳統(tǒng)的華夷觀念的突破;二是對西方民主制度的介紹;三是對工商業(yè)在整個(gè)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中重要地位的認(rèn)識。如果說《瀛寰志略》之優(yōu)長在"睜眼看世界"的話,那么,《海國圖志》之優(yōu)長則在提出了"師夷長技以制夷"的主張。所謂"師夷長技以制夷",用今天的話說,就是學(xué)習(xí)西方列強(qiáng)的長處,用來抵御西方列強(qiáng)的侵略。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后"師夷長技"亦即學(xué)習(xí)西方成了時(shí)代的主題或歷史潮流,《瀛寰志略》通過對世界大勢較為全面系統(tǒng)的介紹,使國人對西方有所了解和認(rèn)識,從而為他們提供了產(chǎn)生向西方學(xué)習(xí)之要求的可能性,但《瀛寰志略》本身并沒有包含向西方學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容;而《海國圖志》提出的"師夷長技"的主張則開啟了近代學(xué)習(xí)西方的新潮流。這一新潮流曾支配晚清社會(huì)和思想界達(dá)數(shù)十年之久。
[Abstract]:Among the 22 books on the history and geography of the world written by the Chinese from 1840 to 1861, Wei Yuan's Chart of the Sea and Xu Jiul's Ying Huan Zhi were the most influential ones. As far as the comparison between the two books is concerned, the different writing motivation determines the different choice of the content, and the different choice of the content determines the different characteristics of the two books. However, there are in fact their reasonableness and their own writing purpose and purpose, whether it is the history of Haiguo, or the victory of Ying-Wan-Zhi by virtue of the essence of the story of the whole world, both of which are in fact reasonable and have achieved their own purpose and purpose of writing. It is very difficult for us to distinguish between them in general terms between who is better and who is bad. As one of the earliest historical geography books of China to "open their eyes to the world," the general situation of the world is introduced more comprehensively in the Records of the Sea and Ying Huan Zhiluo, and their introductions are more comprehensive, with outstanding emphasis and new knowledge. There are three characteristics of the old idea. In addition to their common characteristics, in the aspect of "opening their eyes to the world", there are three points which should be superior to that of the Chart of the Sea: first, the breakthrough of the traditional concept of the Huayi, the second is the introduction of the western democratic system, the other is the introduction of the western democratic system, the second is the introduction of the western democratic system, and the second is the introduction of western democracy. Third, the understanding of the important position of industry and commerce in the whole national economy. If Yingqianzhi has the advantage of "opening eyes to the world", then the superior length of "Hai Guo Tu Zhi" has put forward the idea of "master-Yi-long technique in order to control the world," and the idea of "master-Yi-long technique in order to control the world" is put forward. In today's words, it is to learn from the strengths of the Western powers to resist the aggression of the Western powers. After the Opium War, learning from the West has become the theme or historical trend of the times. Through a more comprehensive and systematic introduction to the general situation of the world, the Chinese people have a better understanding and understanding of the West. This provides them with the possibility of learning from the West, but Ying Huan Zhi Lu itself does not contain the content of learning from the West; On the other hand, the idea of "master Yi long skill" put forward in the chart of Haiguo opened up a new trend of learning the west in modern times. This new trend dominated the late Qing society and ideological circles for decades.
【作者單位】： 中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院近代史研究所;湖南師范大學(xué)歷史文化學(xué)院;
【分類號】：K928.6

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