【摘要】：當(dāng)代中國的計劃生育事業(yè),自上世紀(jì)五十年代中期開始倡導(dǎo),至今已有近60年的歷史。作為一項重要的人口政策,計劃生育一直是人口學(xué)家、歷史學(xué)家、社會學(xué)家關(guān)注的課題。20世紀(jì)70年代末,計劃生育工作開始大規(guī)模開展,學(xué)界關(guān)于中國計劃生育的政策、現(xiàn)狀和作用的論文和著作,更是“蔚為大觀”。然而,令人遺憾的是,它們大多把關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在1970年代以后,而對于五六十年代計劃生育的實驗、推廣工作,特別是具體省份、地區(qū)的計劃生育工作,關(guān)注不夠。 新中國建國初期,國家實行鼓勵生育的政策,人口出生率提高,死亡率下降。1953年,第一個五年計劃開始實行,全國開始大規(guī)模的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)。廣大婦女參加勞動,希望擺脫多子女的拖累,實行節(jié)制生育,過去禁止節(jié)育的政策開始松動。1953年到1957年,開始局部試行計劃生育。但1957年反右斗爭中,馬寅初等人的人口觀點(diǎn)受到錯誤批判,剛剛起步的計劃生育工作,被迫停頓下來。 1962年底,為了克服日益尖銳的人口與糧食之間的矛盾,中共中央決定壓縮城鎮(zhèn)人口,精簡職工,控制人口過快增長,重新提倡計劃生育。隨即,江蘇省委落實中央政策,積極開展計劃生育工作。1962年到1965年間,全省計劃生育工作從城市向農(nóng)村逐步展開,摸索了很多切實可行的政策、方法,積累了經(jīng)驗,對改革開放以來更加扎實、更加全面、更加深入地推廣計劃生育工作具有重要意義。 本文敘述和分析了“文革”前江蘇省計劃生育工作的歷程,介紹了江蘇省為貫徹中央決定,開展宣傳教育,制定相關(guān)政策,以及技術(shù)工作上所取得的成績�！拔母铩鼻�,江蘇省利用多種渠道進(jìn)行計劃生育工作的宣傳指導(dǎo),向民眾推行多種計劃生育技術(shù)方法。重點(diǎn)是推動群眾使用節(jié)育環(huán)為主的避孕器具,推廣輸精管結(jié)扎手術(shù)、輸卵管結(jié)扎手術(shù)和人工流產(chǎn)技術(shù),提高了技術(shù)水平,這是計劃生育工作的中心環(huán)節(jié)之一。 1962-1965年間,江蘇省的計劃生育工作取得了很大成績,一定程度上控制了人口過快增長。到1965年6月底,全省約有總?cè)丝谖宸种牡貐^(qū)展開了計劃生育工作。城市人口出生率下降顯著,改變了以往城市人口出生率高于農(nóng)村的狀況。很多青年自覺推遲結(jié)婚年齡,響應(yīng)晚婚號召。但由于各種原因,“文革”之前,江蘇省的計劃生育工作發(fā)展也是不平衡的。首先是城鄉(xiāng)差異。由于城市開展早一些,農(nóng)村開展較晚,到1965年只在約占農(nóng)村五分之二的地區(qū)展開,所以,農(nóng)村人口出生率仍在上升。其次是地區(qū)差異。抓得較早的11個市,比如蘇州、南通、鎮(zhèn)江專區(qū)人口出生率都有下降,但鹽城、徐州、淮陰、揚(yáng)州專區(qū)到1965年底,人口持續(xù)上升。 總的來說,“文革”前的江蘇省計劃生育群眾運(yùn)動,為改革開放以來計劃生育工作的全面推進(jìn)打下了基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:The cause of family planning in contemporary China, which began to advocate in the middle of 1950 s, has a history of nearly 60 years. As an important population policy, family planning has always been a subject of concern to demographers, historians and sociologists. In the late 1970s, family planning began to be carried out on a large scale. The present situation and the function of the paper and the work, is "the grand view". Unfortunately, however, most of them focus on the post-1970s, while insufficient attention has been paid to family planning experiments and promotion in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in specific provinces and regions. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the state adopted the policy of encouraging fertility, the birth rate increased and the mortality rate dropped. In 1953, the first five-year plan was implemented, and the country began large-scale economic construction. The vast number of women took part in labor in the hope of getting rid of the drag of many children and controlling childbearing. In the past, the policy of banning birth control began to loosen. From 1953 to 1957, local trials of family planning began. However, in 1957, Ma Yinchu and others were wrongly criticized for their demographic views in the struggle against the right, and the family planning work, which had just started, was forced to come to a standstill. At the end of 1962, in order to overcome the increasingly acute contradiction between population and grain, the CPC Central Committee decided to compress the urban population, streamline workers, control excessive population growth, and re-advocate family planning. Immediately, the Jiangsu Provincial CPC Committee implemented the central policy and actively carried out family planning work. From 1962 to 1965, the province's family planning work gradually carried out from the city to the countryside, explored a lot of practical policies, methods, and accumulated experience. It is of great significance to promote family planning work more firmly and comprehensively since the reform and opening up. This paper describes and analyzes the course of family planning work in Jiangsu Province before the Cultural Revolution, and introduces the achievements made in Jiangsu Province in order to carry out the central decision, carry out propaganda and education, formulate relevant policies, and make technical work. Before the Cultural Revolution, Jiangsu Province used various channels to publicize and guide family planning work and promoted a variety of family planning techniques and methods to the public. The emphasis is on promoting the use of birth control ring based contraceptives, popularizing vasectomy, tubal ligation and induced abortion, and improving the technical level, which is one of the central links of family planning work. During 19621965, Jiangsu Province made great achievements in family planning work, to a certain extent, controlled the rapid population growth. By the end of June 1965, about 3/5 of the province's total population had carried out family planning work. The birth rate of urban population has decreased significantly, which has changed the situation that the birth rate of urban population is higher than that of rural area in the past. Many young people consciously postpone the age of marriage and respond to the call for late marriage. However, for various reasons, before the Cultural Revolution, the development of family planning work in Jiangsu Province was also uneven. The first is the difference between urban and rural areas. The birth rate in rural areas is still rising because of the earlier development of cities and the late development of rural areas, which only accounted for about 2/5 of rural areas in 1965. The second is regional differences. The birth rates of 11 cities, such as Suzhou, Nantong and Zhenjiang, all dropped, but the population of Yancheng, Xuzhou, Huaiyin and Yangzhou continued to rise by the end of 1965. Generally speaking, the mass movement of family planning in Jiangsu Province before the Cultural Revolution laid the foundation for the comprehensive promotion of family planning work since the reform and opening up.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：C924.21

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