【摘要】：明清時期是中國移民史上一個重要的時期，很多學(xué)者將明清移民作為研究重點。從地區(qū)角度看，山東地區(qū)是明清移民運動最活躍的地區(qū)之一。明代山東省是國內(nèi)最大的移民接納區(qū)之一，移民來自山西、河南、東北等多個地區(qū)。同時，山東本地人口也大量移民外省，為外省提供了豐富的勞動力，尤其是清代山東人民大量移民我國東北地區(qū)，形成了轟轟烈烈的闖關(guān)東潮。明清兩代的移民運動基本上奠定了現(xiàn)代山東人的組成來源，而廣大移民也對地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟、文化、社會生活等各個方面產(chǎn)生了廣泛的影響。 明清時期的山東移民的產(chǎn)生有共同原因也有不同原因，共同原因有以下兩點，一是戰(zhàn)亂的破壞，導(dǎo)致人口的大量逃亡，人民流離失所。特別是兩朝在建立過程中經(jīng)歷的戰(zhàn)爭，以及明初期的靖難之役。在這些戰(zhàn)爭中山東地區(qū)都是主要戰(zhàn)場，戰(zhàn)爭雙方反復(fù)爭奪，使山東地區(qū)遭到了嚴(yán)重的破壞，民生凋敝，導(dǎo)致了山東人口的大量流失；二是自然災(zāi)害的破壞，山東地區(qū)在明清兩代自然災(zāi)害頻發(fā)，干旱、洪澇、地震等災(zāi)害一旦發(fā)生，農(nóng)民往往顆粒無收，引發(fā)難民潮。戰(zhàn)亂和自然災(zāi)害引發(fā)了國內(nèi)各地區(qū)之間人口和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的不平衡，政府在這種狀況下在政策上積極的干預(yù)，組織移民，從人口稠密的省區(qū)組織移民遷往人口稀少的省份，以幫助人口稀少地區(qū)恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)。明代主要表現(xiàn)在政府組織山西、河南等省的大量人口移民山東，完成山東地區(qū)戰(zhàn)后的重建；清代主要表現(xiàn)在為了平衡東北地區(qū)人口，積極招徠山東人口到東北地區(qū)移民墾殖，開發(fā)人煙稀少的東北地區(qū)。而具體到明清兩代不同時期，不同朝代背景下，存在著不同的社會狀況和地區(qū)狀況，各統(tǒng)治者的移民政策也有所變化，也是引發(fā)山東移民運動發(fā)展變化的因素。 本文旨在通過對明清時期山東地區(qū)移民活動的表現(xiàn)和原因的分析，總結(jié)出明清時期山東移民的特點和影響。總體上看，明代山東移民運動突出表現(xiàn)在大量的外省移民遷入山東，山東是主要的移民接納區(qū)，移民多是政府行為下的被動移民；而清代，移民運動中山東人大量移民東北地區(qū)表現(xiàn)最為顯著，遷往東北的移民來源在清初期主要是囚犯，清中后期主要是難民，隨著難民數(shù)量的增加，主動移民逐漸占移民的多數(shù)。 明清山東移民運動產(chǎn)生了廣泛的影響，有積極的方面也有消極的方面，積極方面主要是移民為地區(qū)建設(shè)和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻，尤其是明代山東地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的恢復(fù)和清代東北地區(qū)的開發(fā)。另外，移民運動促進了地區(qū)間的文化融合，有助于文化的多樣性發(fā)展。消極影響主要表現(xiàn)在移民對土地的過度開發(fā)引發(fā)了生態(tài)問題，，不利于地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的長期穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，對資源環(huán)境造成了一定的破壞。
[Abstract]:The Ming and Qing Dynasties was an important period in the history of Chinese immigration, and many scholars took the Ming and Qing immigration as their research focus. From the regional point of view, Shandong was one of the most active areas in the Ming and Qing immigration movement. The immigration movement of the Ming and Qing Dynasties basically laid the foundation of the modern Shandong people, and the vast number of immigrants also contributed to the local economy, culture and social life. All aspects have had a wide impact.
Shandong immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties had two common and different reasons. One was the destruction of the war, which led to a large number of people fleeing and displacement. Repeated struggles between the two sides have caused serious damage to Shandong and depressed people's livelihood, resulting in a large number of population loss in Shandong; second, the destruction of natural disasters, natural disasters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, drought, floods, earthquakes and other disasters in Shandong Province, once the occurrence of disasters, farmers often no harvest, triggering a wave of refugees. In order to help the sparsely populated areas resume production, the Ming Dynasty mainly manifested in the large number of migration in Shanxi, Henan and other provinces organized by the government. Min Shandong, completed the post-war reconstruction of Shandong; the Qing Dynasty mainly manifested in order to balance the population of the Northeast, actively recruit the population of Shandong to the Northeast to settle down and develop the sparsely populated Northeast. The immigration policy has also changed, and it is also a factor that triggering the development of Shandong's immigration movement.
Based on the analysis of the manifestations and causes of the immigration activities in Shandong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this paper summarizes the characteristics and influences of the immigration in Shandong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Zhongshan Easterners migrated to the northeast of China. The migrants were mainly prisoners in the early Qing Dynasty and refugees in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.
The immigration movement in Shandong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties had a wide range of influences, both positive and negative. The positive aspect was that immigrants made great contributions to regional construction and economic development, especially the economic recovery of Shandong in the Ming Dynasty and the development of Northeast China in the Qing Dynasty. The negative impact is mainly manifested in the over-exploitation of land by immigrants has caused ecological problems, which is not conducive to the long-term stable development of regional economy, and has caused certain damage to the resources and environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：C922

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