本文選題：計(jì)劃生育政策 + 人口結(jié)構(gòu)　； 參考：《湘潭大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：計(jì)劃生育政策是中國最重要的社會(huì)政策之一,決定著我國相當(dāng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的人口發(fā)展趨勢(shì),包括人口規(guī)模、結(jié)構(gòu)及質(zhì)量等方面,并對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展具有至關(guān)重要的影響。從新中國建立初期到十八屆五中全會(huì),我國的計(jì)劃生育政策發(fā)生了巨大的變化,對(duì)我國人口現(xiàn)狀及人口發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。本文以我國計(jì)劃生育政策的演變?yōu)橹骶�,以演變現(xiàn)狀為立足點(diǎn),梳理了新中國建國以來我國計(jì)劃生育政策的演變過程及其產(chǎn)生的人口問題,并分析了“全面二孩”計(jì)劃生育政策施行所面臨的問題�？偟膩碚f,我國的計(jì)劃生育政策發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段,即“一孩化”階段、“開小口,堵大口,剎歪口”階段、“晚婚、晚育、少生、優(yōu)生”階段和“全面二孩”階段。截至目前,我國的計(jì)劃生育政策已實(shí)施了近60年,其對(duì)我國人口數(shù)量的控制以及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、資源和環(huán)境的矛盾得到了良好的協(xié)調(diào)。然而,計(jì)劃生育政策所帶來的潛在問題卻也像達(dá)摩克利斯之劍一樣懸在我國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的道路上。計(jì)劃生育政策帶來了一些負(fù)面影響,例如:人口老齡化進(jìn)程不斷加快、出生人口性別比嚴(yán)重失衡、總和生育率急劇下降等問題越來越嚴(yán)重。在此背景下,黨和政府對(duì)現(xiàn)行的計(jì)劃生育政策進(jìn)行了重大調(diào)整,相繼制定和實(shí)施了“單獨(dú)二孩”政策和“全面二孩”政策,旨在緩解人口老化的進(jìn)程,緩和勞動(dòng)力人口比重下降的局面,使過高的出生人口性別比回歸正常,促使總和生育率的回升。研究認(rèn)為:“全面二孩政策”能夠有效促使我國出生人口性別比回歸正常,適當(dāng)緩解人口老齡化的進(jìn)程,穩(wěn)定人口撫養(yǎng)比的上升,增加勞動(dòng)力的供應(yīng),但其影響是非常有限的。因?yàn)槲覈鴩竦纳庠讣吧幕苡?jì)劃生育政策和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響已經(jīng)發(fā)生了悄然變化,再加上目前撫養(yǎng)孩子和培養(yǎng)孩子的成本不斷上升,有很大一部分的年輕家庭不愿意生育二孩或者不敢生育二孩。針對(duì)當(dāng)前“全面二孩”計(jì)劃生育政策施行所面臨的現(xiàn)狀,因此建議,國家應(yīng)出臺(tái)相應(yīng)的法規(guī)和政策適當(dāng)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和補(bǔ)貼生育二孩的家庭,出臺(tái)相關(guān)計(jì)劃生育福利政策,完善社會(huì)保障制度。通過多種手段綜合治理來降低民眾的生育、教養(yǎng)和養(yǎng)老等成本,從國家層面做好鼓勵(lì)生育二孩的宣傳工作,以提高公眾生育意愿,扭轉(zhuǎn)我國人口結(jié)構(gòu)的不合理現(xiàn)狀,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)人口結(jié)構(gòu)的合理發(fā)展,最終適應(yīng)我國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的要求。
[Abstract]:Family planning policy is one of the most important social policies in China, which determines the population development trend in China for a certain period of time, including population size, structure and quality, and has a vital impact on economic and social development. From the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China to the Fifth Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the family planning policy of our country has undergone tremendous changes, which has had a profound impact on the population situation and population development in our country. Taking the evolution of family planning policy as the main line and the status quo of evolution as the foothold, this paper combs the evolution process of family planning policy and its population problems since the founding of the people's Republic of China. It also analyzes the problems faced by the implementation of the two-child-all-child family planning policy. In general, the development of family planning policy in China has experienced three stages, namely, the stage of "one-child", the stage of "opening a small mouth, blocking a large mouth, stopping a crooked mouth", the stage of "late marriage, late childbearing, fewer children, eugenics" and the stage of "comprehensive two-child". Up to now, the family planning policy of our country has been implemented for nearly 60 years, and its control over the population and the contradictions among economy, society, resources and environment have been well coordinated. However, the potential problems brought about by the family planning policy are also hanging on the path of our country's social and economic development like the sword of Damocles. The family planning policy has had some negative effects, such as the accelerating ageing of the population, a serious imbalance in the sex ratio of births and a sharp decline in the total fertility rate. Against this background, the Party and the government have made major adjustments to the current family planning policy, and have successively formulated and implemented the "single two-child" policy and the "comprehensive two-child" policy, aiming at alleviating the process of population aging. To ease the decline in the proportion of labor force, so that the high sex ratio of birth back to normal, promote the total fertility rate. The study holds that the "comprehensive two-child policy" can effectively promote the return of the sex ratio of the birth population to normal, properly alleviate the process of aging population, stabilize the increase of the dependency ratio of the population, and increase the supply of labor force, but its impact is very limited. Because the fertility will and the fertility culture of the people of our country have been quietly changed by the family planning policy and social and economic development, in addition to the rising costs of raising and cultivating children, A large proportion of young families are unwilling or afraid to have a second child. In view of the current situation faced by the implementation of the "comprehensive two-child" family planning policy, it is suggested that the state should introduce appropriate regulations and policies to appropriately reward and subsidize families with a second child, and introduce relevant family planning welfare policies. We will improve the social security system. To reduce the cost of fertility, upbringing and old-age care through various means, and to do a good job of propaganda at the national level to encourage the birth of a second child, in order to improve the public's willingness to have children and to reverse the unreasonable present situation of the population structure in China. Then promote the rational development of population structure, and finally adapt to the requirements of social and economic development of our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：C924.21

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