公民社會(huì)的興起與政府治理模式的轉(zhuǎn)變
本文關(guān)鍵詞：公民社會(huì)的興起與政府治理模式的轉(zhuǎn)變，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
公民社會(huì)的興起與政府治理模式的轉(zhuǎn)變
公民社會(huì)的興起與政府治理模式的轉(zhuǎn)變
革新開(kāi)放以來(lái),隨著我國(guó)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制轉(zhuǎn)變,政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的管理由直接到間接、由宏觀到微觀、由管制到服務(wù),原來(lái)由政府承擔(dān)的部分職能逐步向社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,社會(huì)與國(guó)家逐漸分離,國(guó)家對(duì)社會(huì)的制約日益減弱,個(gè)人的自由度和社會(huì)的自主性也不斷得到提升,這促使公民為了實(shí)現(xiàn)或維護(hù)自己的利益組成各種各樣民問(wèn)組織。隨著民間組織力量的不斷壯大,它們?cè)趶浹a(bǔ)市場(chǎng)失靈和政府失靈、關(guān)注弱勢(shì)群體、維護(hù)和推動(dòng)社會(huì)公平以及保障人權(quán)等方面都發(fā)揮了重要作用。同時(shí)以民間組織的大量涌現(xiàn)為重要特點(diǎn)的公民社會(huì)的興起,使社會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出新的特點(diǎn)和趨勢(shì)。公民社會(huì)主張個(gè)人主義,認(rèn)為國(guó)家是為了保護(hù)和增進(jìn)個(gè)人的權(quán)利和利益而存在的;強(qiáng)調(diào)多碩博在線論文網(wǎng)性和多樣性,要求思想多碩博在線論文網(wǎng)化,個(gè)人生活方式多碩博在線論文網(wǎng)化,社會(huì)主體多樣化;提倡參與性,認(rèn)為公民參與國(guó)家政治生活是公民社會(huì)的重要內(nèi)涵;崇尚法治,強(qiáng)調(diào)公共權(quán)力的權(quán)限和運(yùn)行都必須符合憲法和法律的規(guī)定,反對(duì)其對(duì)公民個(gè)人權(quán)利的侵害;尊重社會(huì)自治,公民社會(huì)的重要特點(diǎn)就是相對(duì)于國(guó)家的獨(dú)立性和自主性,公民在社會(huì)領(lǐng)域具有廣泛的自治權(quán)。而公民社會(huì)的這些特點(diǎn)對(duì)我國(guó)當(dāng)前的政府治理模式提出了嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn),因?yàn)槲覈?guó)現(xiàn)在的政府治理過(guò)程中還存在許許多多的不足,比如社會(huì)管理的主體仍然過(guò)于單一,管理的手段簡(jiǎn)單化,政府管理方式呈單線化、缺少社會(huì)的合作和公民的參與、政府的服務(wù)意識(shí)淡薄、政府提供的政治參與渠道不暢通、政府的供給能力相對(duì)不足、行政侵權(quán)和權(quán)大于法等不足都還沒(méi)有得到很好的解決。這些不足的存在說(shuō)明我們迫切需要革新政府治理模式以適應(yīng)公民社會(huì)的發(fā)展。本文針對(duì)此不足,提出了政府治理模式轉(zhuǎn)變的四個(gè)目標(biāo):1.服務(wù)政府。在民主制度的框架下,通過(guò)法定的程序,按照公民意志組建起來(lái),以為公民服務(wù)為宗旨,實(shí)現(xiàn)服務(wù)職能,承擔(dān)服務(wù)責(zé)任的政府。它徹底擯棄了官本位、政府本位的觀念,以公民本位、社會(huì)本位的觀念為指導(dǎo),把政府定位于服務(wù)者的角色,堅(jiān)持從公眾的切身利益出發(fā),主動(dòng)滿足公眾的需求。2.有限政府。這是相對(duì)于無(wú)限政府或者說(shuō)是全能政府而言的,它是在政府失靈、市場(chǎng)失靈和公民社會(huì)自主發(fā)展的綜合需求的基礎(chǔ)上建立起來(lái)的。它一方面要求在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的條件下,政府的職能和權(quán)力規(guī)模都應(yīng)該受到憲法和法律明確的限制,強(qiáng)調(diào)政府的宏觀調(diào)控和社會(huì)的自我管理,尊重市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律,發(fā)揮政府和社會(huì)各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)。另一方面意味著政府必須傾聽(tīng)民眾的呼聲,鼓勵(lì)民眾參與政府行政的過(guò)程,接受民眾的監(jiān)督并在合理的授權(quán)范圍內(nèi)活動(dòng)。但是需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是有限政府并不是要弱化政府的效能,而是期望使政府的能力以低成本來(lái)滿足社會(huì)對(duì)公共物品的需求。因此,有限政府的核心內(nèi)涵是降低政府的行政成本,提高政府的行政效率,建立一個(gè)強(qiáng)而有力和廉潔高效的政府。3.民主政府。就是指大多數(shù)人統(tǒng)治的政府,在實(shí)際運(yùn)作過(guò)程中,政府是在全體公民的同意、監(jiān)督和制約下對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)行管理。在這種民主的氣氛下,政府與社會(huì)、政府與人民不再是緊張的壓迫關(guān)系,而是委托與代理的關(guān)系。政府通過(guò)健全民主制度,豐富民主的形式保證人民依法民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督,最終來(lái)保障公民的權(quán)利和自由。公民則通過(guò)有序的政治參與來(lái)監(jiān)督和制約政府,保證政府在多數(shù)人的意志下行使公共權(quán)力。4.法治政府。這是建設(shè)法治國(guó)家的關(guān)鍵,是發(fā)展社會(huì)主義民主政治和社會(huì)主義政治文明的必定要求。所謂法治政府就是依法治理社會(huì)的政府,要求政府機(jī)關(guān)依法行政,追求政府行為的法治化。對(duì)此,我們可以從兩個(gè)方面來(lái)理解:一方面,政府是法治的主體,公民和社會(huì)是法治的客體。法治國(guó)家的政治生活和公共管理必須依法進(jìn)行,在法制的軌道上運(yùn)作,而不承認(rèn)任何沒(méi)有法律依據(jù)的行政權(quán)力和行政行為。另一方面,政府是法治的客體,而公民和社會(huì)是法治的主體。法治政府的本質(zhì)在于尊重作為法治主體的公民和社會(huì)的法治權(quán),即通過(guò)民主政治制度和憲法法律來(lái)制約政府權(quán)力。根據(jù)對(duì)法治政府的涵義解讀,建設(shè)法治政府首先在于依法治理政府,其次在于政府依法治理社會(huì)。
【Abstract】 Since reform and opening up, along with our country transferring from planned economy system to market economy system, the economical and society’s management begin to shift from direct to indirect, from macroscopic to microscopic, from control to the service. And the partial functions which should be undertaken by the government originally shift to the society gradually. In this process, the society separates from the country gradually and the state social control weakens day by day. Personal freedom and the autonomy of the community also has been continuously upgrading, which urges the citizen to form various kinds of civil society organizations in order to achieve or maintain their own interests. With the strength of civil society organizations growing, they not only make up for the market failure and government failure and concern for the disadvantaged groups, but also safeguard and promote social justice and the protection of human rights and play an important role in other aspects. At the same time the large number of non-government organizations have emerged as important characteristics of the rise of civil society, the society has some new characteristics and trends. The civil society advocates the individualism. This means that why the country exists is to protect and promote individual right and the benefit; the civil society stresses plurality and diversity for ideological pluralism, personal lifestyle pluralism and the main social diversity; the civil society promotes participation and this means that citizen’s participation in the country’s political life is important components of civil society; the civil society upholds the rule of law and stresses that the public power authority and operation must be consistent with the constitution and the law to protect the rights of the individual, the civil society respects the autonomy of social, civil society’s key character is opposite in the national independence and the independency, the citizen have the widespread autonomy in the social domain. Civil society’s these characteristics present the stern challenges to the current managing pattern of our government, because our government have many problems in the process of managing society. for instance, social management’s main body was too still unitary; the management method simplifies and the government’s mode of administration assumes the single track by lacking the social cooperation and citizen’s participation; government’s service consciousness is light; government participation in the administration of political channels blocked; government’s supplies ability is relatively insufficient and the administrative right infringement and the power is bigger than the law. These issues have not yet been satisfactorily resolved. These questions’ existence shows that we urgently need to reform the government’s managing pattern to adapt civil society’s development. This article in view of these questions, and proposes four goals for changes in the governance model. 1st, The service government, the government is set up according to democratic system’s frame, the legal procedure and the citizen’s will, and it’s aim is to realize the service function, undertake the service responsibility and serve for the citizen for the objective. It has abandoned the officialdom standard-based, and regards the citizen-based, community-based concept as a guide. The government insists on the immediate interests of the public and takes the initiative to meet the needs of the government’s position on the role of services. 2nd, limited government, as compared to unlimited government or the omnipotent government, it is built up on the basis of the market failures and government failures and the development of independent civil society. On the one hand, it requires that the government’s functions and powers of the scale should be subject to the constitution and the law clearly restriction under the conditions of market economy and stresses that the government’s macro-control and social self-management, respects for the objective laws of market development. The government and the community should play their respective strengths. On the other hand, the government must listen to the voice of the people, to encourage people to participate in the administration of the process and accept the supervision of the people. However, this is not to weaken the effectiveness of the government but hope to meet the social needs of public goods with the low cost. Therefore, the core substance of limited government is to reduce the government’s administrative costs, improve the government’s administrative efficiency and build a strong, honest and efficient government. 3nd, democratic government. It refers to the fact that the government should operate under the supervision and restriction of social management on the basis of the consent of all citizens. In such an atmosphere of democracy, the relationship between the government and society, the government and people is no longer the tense oppression relations, but the relationship between the commission and agents. Government must adopt a sound democratic system to enrich the forms of democracy to guarantee democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision, and ultimately safeguard the citizen’s rights and freedoms. Citizens monitor and restrict the government through the participation in political affairs in an orderly manner to ensure that the will of the majority of people in the exercise of public power. 4nd, the rule of law, building the rule of law is the key to the development of socialist democracy and a socialist political civilization, an inevitable requirement. The so-called rule of law is the law of the governance community, requests the organs of administration according to law, the pursuit of the rule of law. In this regard, we can understand from the two following aspects: On the one hand, the government is the main body , civil society and rule of law is the object. Rule of law in the country’s political life and public administration must be carried out according to law, the rule of law operate on the track, rather than admit that there is no any administrative power and the administrative behavior without legal basis . On the other hand, the government is the object, civil society and the rule of law is the main body. The nature of the rule of law is to respect the law, that is, through the democratic and political system and constitutional law to restrain government power. According to the meaning of the rule of law building a law-based government lies first and foremost in managing the government according to the law, followed by the government managing society according to the law.
【關(guān)鍵詞】 公民社會(huì)； 政府治理； 挑戰(zhàn)； 目標(biāo)；【Key words】 civil society； governance； challenges； goals；
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本文關(guān)鍵詞：公民社會(huì)的興起與政府治理模式的轉(zhuǎn)變，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
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