馬克思的正義觀及其對當(dāng)代中國的啟示
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-17 12:42
【摘要】：在人類思想史上,對正義的思考和追求是最長久的主題之一,但對它的認(rèn)識直到今天還是一個(gè)爭論不休的話題。1971年羅爾斯《正義論》的出版,引起了政治哲學(xué)的復(fù)興。這股潮流也影響到國內(nèi),越來越多的人從正義的視角研究、思考社會問題。中國雖然很早就形成了傳統(tǒng)的義利觀,但真正學(xué)術(shù)意義上的正義研究,是在改革開放之后才開始的。改革開放以來,我國居民收入差距拉大逐漸成為一個(gè)突出的社會問題,正義開始成為熱點(diǎn)問題,對馬克思恩格斯正義觀的研究也逐漸展開。 馬克思正義觀的產(chǎn)生不僅有經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、科學(xué)、文化等時(shí)代背景條件,也有它的思想淵源。馬克思批判汲取了古希臘哲學(xué)、德國古典哲學(xué)、古典政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、空想社會主義及其正義思想,形成了自己的歷史唯物主義正義觀。 馬克思正義觀的形成經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段。第一個(gè)階段是對正義的繼承階段。博士論文和《萊茵報(bào)》時(shí)期,馬克思向往、追求正義,繼承了西方傳統(tǒng)的自由主義正義和古典正義。第二個(gè)階段是對自由主義正義觀的批判階段,馬克思正義觀產(chǎn)生�！逗诟駹柗ㄕ軐W(xué)批判》是批判的開始,它為馬克思思考正義問題打下了唯物主義的基礎(chǔ)�！兜路觇b》時(shí)期是批判的展開、深化,《論猶太人問題》中,馬克思從物質(zhì)財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系出發(fā)對自由主義正義觀進(jìn)行了解剖、批判；《黑格爾法哲學(xué)批判導(dǎo)言》為馬克思思考正義問題奠定了無產(chǎn)階級的立場和共產(chǎn)主義的方向�！�1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中,馬克思從物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域分析正義問題,是馬克思生產(chǎn)決定正義觀點(diǎn)的萌芽。馬克思把自由主義正義觀歸結(jié)為對異化勞動的觀念反映和維護(hù),這是在思辨哲學(xué)范圍內(nèi)批判自由主義正義觀的完成。第三階段是馬克思?xì)v史唯物主義正義觀形成的階段。這時(shí)期,馬克思主要批判了當(dāng)時(shí)的蒲魯東主義正義觀、拉薩爾主義正義觀和杜林正義觀。同時(shí),由于馬克思運(yùn)用歷史唯物主義這一新的批判工具,因此,自由主義正義觀等一切非馬克思主義正義觀就都遭到了批判、揚(yáng)棄,馬克思獨(dú)特的歷史唯物主義正義觀形成。 在理清馬克思正義觀的形成過程之后,本文對馬克思正義觀的基本理論架構(gòu)進(jìn)行了構(gòu)建,提出馬克思正義觀包含以下要素。一,歷史唯物主義是馬克思正義觀的哲學(xué)方法論基礎(chǔ),馬克思以辯證法研究正義問題,實(shí)現(xiàn)了人類思想史上研究正義問題的方法論革命,是真正科學(xué)的新范式。二,物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)是馬克思研究正義的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。從物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)出發(fā)考察正義,馬克思提出了許多關(guān)于正義的正面的觀點(diǎn)：物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)決定了正義的實(shí)質(zhì)：正義是人們對分配和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益關(guān)系的價(jià)值評價(jià)；物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展決定了正義內(nèi)容的演變；生產(chǎn)方式?jīng)Q定分配方式；物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)決定了正義的屬性：歷史性、階級性。三,人的解放與自由全面發(fā)展是馬克思的正義理想。馬克思正義觀最顯著的特征就是它對各種非馬克思主義正義觀的批判,但這種批判同時(shí)也是揚(yáng)棄,馬克思并沒有一般地否定、拋棄所有正義。他作為無產(chǎn)階級理論家,站在無產(chǎn)階級的立場,有消滅階級的無產(chǎn)階級正義觀。這種正義觀的最終實(shí)現(xiàn)就是共產(chǎn)主義,就是人的解放與自由全面發(fā)展,這就是馬克思的正義理想和馬克思追求的價(jià)值目標(biāo)。早在《論猶太人問題》中,馬克思就提出了人類解放的目標(biāo)；在《黑格爾法哲學(xué)批判導(dǎo)言》中,馬克思已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向了共產(chǎn)主義；在《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中,馬克思論證了共產(chǎn)主義的歷史必然性。歷史唯物主義、無產(chǎn)階級革命學(xué)說和科學(xué)社會主義理論的創(chuàng)立,為消滅階級,建立共產(chǎn)主義制度找到了一條科學(xué)的道路。四,批判性、實(shí)踐性是馬克思正義觀的本質(zhì)特征。馬克思正義觀的批判性和實(shí)踐性是內(nèi)在地統(tǒng)一的,批判性不僅是指馬克思正義觀建立在對一切非馬克思主義正義觀的批判的基礎(chǔ)上,也是指通過實(shí)踐改變一切不合理、不正義的現(xiàn)實(shí)從而建立正義,這也就是實(shí)踐性。 當(dāng)代中國社會主義正義觀應(yīng)該是一種馬克思主義的正義觀,應(yīng)該以馬克思正義觀為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行建構(gòu),應(yīng)該具有實(shí)踐性、批判性特征。當(dāng)代中國實(shí)行市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制,這必然產(chǎn)生一種自由主義性質(zhì)的正義觀。這種正義觀,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)在肯定其積極作用的同時(shí),進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)、規(guī)范。在社會主義的當(dāng)代中國,正義不僅應(yīng)該是形式上的,還應(yīng)該是實(shí)質(zhì)上的。
[Abstract]:In the history of human thought, the thought and pursuit of justice is one of the longest themes, but its understanding is still a controversial topic till today. The publication of Rawls'Theory of Justice in 1971 brought about the revival of political philosophy. This trend also affected the domestic, more and more people from the perspective of justice, thinking about social questions. Although China has formed the traditional concept of justice and benefit very early, the study of justice in the real academic sense began after the reform and opening up. Since the reform and opening up, the widening of the income gap among Chinese residents has gradually become a prominent social problem, justice has become a hot issue, and the study of Marx and Engels'concept of justice has gradually become a hot issue. Open.
Marx's view of justice has its ideological origins as well as its economic, political, scientific and cultural backgrounds. Marx criticized and absorbed ancient Greek philosophy, German classical philosophy, classical political economics, utopian socialism and its ideas of justice, forming his own historical materialist view of justice.
The first stage is the inheritance of justice. In the Ph. Criticism of Gerr's philosophy of law is the beginning of the criticism, which lays a materialistic foundation for Marx to think about justice. Marx's analysis of justice from the field of material production is the germination of Marx's view that production determines justice. Marx attributes liberal justice to the reflection and maintenance of alienated labor. The third stage is the formation stage of Marx's historical materialist view of justice. During this period, Marx mainly criticized the Prussian view of justice, the Lazarist view of justice and Durin's view of justice. Therefore, all non-Marxist views of justice, such as liberal views of justice, have been criticized and sublated, and Marx's unique historical materialist views of justice have been formed.
After clarifying the formation process of Marx's view of justice, this paper constructs the basic theoretical framework of Marx's view of justice, and puts forward that Marx's view of justice contains the following elements. First, historical materialism is the philosophical and methodological basis of Marx's view of justice. Marx studies justice with dialectics and realizes the study in the history of human thought. The methodological revolution of justice is a new paradigm of true science. Second, material production is the starting point of Marx's study of justice. From the perspective of material production, Marx put forward many positive views on justice: material production determines the essence of justice: justice is people's value evaluation of the relationship between distribution and economic interests. The development of material production determines the evolution of the content of justice; the mode of production determines the mode of distribution; material production determines the attributes of justice: historicity, class nature. Marx, as a proletarian theorist, stood in the proletarian position and had the view of eliminating the proletarian justice. The ultimate realization of this kind of view of justice is communism, that is, the liberation and free and all-round development of human beings. This is Ma. Marx put forward the goal of human liberation as early as in "On the Jewish Question"; in "Introduction to Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy of Law", Marx had turned to communism; in "Manuscripts of Economics and Philosophy of 1844", Marx demonstrated the historical inevitability of communism. Historical materialism, the theory of proletarian revolution and the theory of scientific socialism have found a scientific way for eliminating classes and establishing a Communist system. 4. Criticism and practicality are the essential characteristics of Marx's view of justice. The concept of thinking justice is based on the criticism of all non-Marxist views of justice. It also refers to the establishment of justice by changing all unreasonable and unjust realities through practice.
The contemporary Chinese socialist justice view should be a Marxist justice view, and should be constructed on the basis of Marxist justice view. It should be practical and critical. In contemporary China of socialism, justice should be not only formal, but also substantive.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D61;A811
本文編號：2187665
[Abstract]:In the history of human thought, the thought and pursuit of justice is one of the longest themes, but its understanding is still a controversial topic till today. The publication of Rawls'Theory of Justice in 1971 brought about the revival of political philosophy. This trend also affected the domestic, more and more people from the perspective of justice, thinking about social questions. Although China has formed the traditional concept of justice and benefit very early, the study of justice in the real academic sense began after the reform and opening up. Since the reform and opening up, the widening of the income gap among Chinese residents has gradually become a prominent social problem, justice has become a hot issue, and the study of Marx and Engels'concept of justice has gradually become a hot issue. Open.
Marx's view of justice has its ideological origins as well as its economic, political, scientific and cultural backgrounds. Marx criticized and absorbed ancient Greek philosophy, German classical philosophy, classical political economics, utopian socialism and its ideas of justice, forming his own historical materialist view of justice.
The first stage is the inheritance of justice. In the Ph. Criticism of Gerr's philosophy of law is the beginning of the criticism, which lays a materialistic foundation for Marx to think about justice. Marx's analysis of justice from the field of material production is the germination of Marx's view that production determines justice. Marx attributes liberal justice to the reflection and maintenance of alienated labor. The third stage is the formation stage of Marx's historical materialist view of justice. During this period, Marx mainly criticized the Prussian view of justice, the Lazarist view of justice and Durin's view of justice. Therefore, all non-Marxist views of justice, such as liberal views of justice, have been criticized and sublated, and Marx's unique historical materialist views of justice have been formed.
After clarifying the formation process of Marx's view of justice, this paper constructs the basic theoretical framework of Marx's view of justice, and puts forward that Marx's view of justice contains the following elements. First, historical materialism is the philosophical and methodological basis of Marx's view of justice. Marx studies justice with dialectics and realizes the study in the history of human thought. The methodological revolution of justice is a new paradigm of true science. Second, material production is the starting point of Marx's study of justice. From the perspective of material production, Marx put forward many positive views on justice: material production determines the essence of justice: justice is people's value evaluation of the relationship between distribution and economic interests. The development of material production determines the evolution of the content of justice; the mode of production determines the mode of distribution; material production determines the attributes of justice: historicity, class nature. Marx, as a proletarian theorist, stood in the proletarian position and had the view of eliminating the proletarian justice. The ultimate realization of this kind of view of justice is communism, that is, the liberation and free and all-round development of human beings. This is Ma. Marx put forward the goal of human liberation as early as in "On the Jewish Question"; in "Introduction to Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy of Law", Marx had turned to communism; in "Manuscripts of Economics and Philosophy of 1844", Marx demonstrated the historical inevitability of communism. Historical materialism, the theory of proletarian revolution and the theory of scientific socialism have found a scientific way for eliminating classes and establishing a Communist system. 4. Criticism and practicality are the essential characteristics of Marx's view of justice. The concept of thinking justice is based on the criticism of all non-Marxist views of justice. It also refers to the establishment of justice by changing all unreasonable and unjust realities through practice.
The contemporary Chinese socialist justice view should be a Marxist justice view, and should be constructed on the basis of Marxist justice view. It should be practical and critical. In contemporary China of socialism, justice should be not only formal, but also substantive.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D61;A811
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 尚實(shí);“共產(chǎn)主義者不向人們提出道德上的要求”——被忽略了的馬克思主義的道德論斷[J];馬克思主義與現(xiàn)實(shí);2003年05期
2 張嘯塵;;馬克思的公平觀及其對和諧社會的啟示[J];馬克思主義與現(xiàn)實(shí);2008年03期
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