新中國成立前后毛澤東對資本主義的認(rèn)識
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-11 18:34
【摘要】：新中國成立前,資本主義在中國存在著三種形態(tài),即官僚資本主義、民族資本主義和帝國主義在華經(jīng)濟(jì)。區(qū)別認(rèn)識和對待這三種形態(tài)是毛澤東對資本主義認(rèn)識當(dāng)中的重要部分。 毛澤東在認(rèn)識官僚資本的時候往往是與國民黨政權(quán)聯(lián)系在一起的,即官僚資本是國民黨政權(quán)控制全國經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要手段,是壓榨人民的工具,國民黨政權(quán)又是官僚資本得以存在的政治和軍事憑借。官僚資本主義是中共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的新民主主義革命要推翻的對象,在毛澤東眼里它從一個經(jīng)濟(jì)符號變成了一個政治符號。毛澤東認(rèn)為官僚資本主義是“最反動”、“最落后”的,中共要想推翻國民黨的政權(quán),就必須要打倒官僚資本主義。建國以后,中共采取了一系列措施改造和沒收官僚資本主義,將其改造為社會主義國營經(jīng)濟(jì),并在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,這樣中共便在經(jīng)濟(jì)上開始領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國。 在對待民族資本主義的問題上,毛澤東主張政治上要團(tuán)結(jié)民族資產(chǎn)階級。雖然民族資產(chǎn)階級是“軟弱的、動搖的”,但他們與官僚資產(chǎn)階級不同,他們是可以在革命過程中參加或保持中立的。他們是“人民大眾”的一部分,民主革命的完成需要民族資產(chǎn)階級的參加。在新中國的政權(quán)中,毛澤東主張要有資產(chǎn)階級的代表參加。新中國成立后的土地改革,鎮(zhèn)壓反革命,抗美援朝等運動中也都有資產(chǎn)階級的身影。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上,由于中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的落后性,毛澤東主張在革命勝利后的相當(dāng)長的一個時期內(nèi)要允許私人資本主義的存在和發(fā)展,但是其存在和發(fā)展是受到國家政策和計劃的限制的。這樣做既有利于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展,也有利于中共掌控全國的經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。同時,毛澤東也看到了新中國必然會存在著和資本主義之間的限制和反限制斗爭,建國以后開展的三反、五反運動都把斗爭的矛頭指向了資產(chǎn)階級。雖然在這場運動中產(chǎn)生了一些不好的影響,但運動的目的基本達(dá)到了。在思想上,毛澤東堅決主張要從思想上改造社會,用愛國主義和共同綱領(lǐng)改造資產(chǎn)階級的那些壞思想。同時,在改造思想的運動中也產(chǎn)生了一些不好的甚至長遠(yuǎn)的壞的影響。 在毛澤東的眼里,資本主義世界存在著種種矛盾,是極端腐敗,瀕于滅亡的。在如何對待外國資本主義的問題上,毛澤東強(qiáng)調(diào),中國人民要想真正獨立,就要清除帝國主義在中國的特權(quán),沒收帝國主義的在華經(jīng)濟(jì)。雖然在新中國成立后,以美國為首的資本主義國家對新中國采取封鎖、威脅等手段,毛澤東也不排斥和資本主義國家建立外交關(guān)系,開展通商事業(yè)。 毛澤東之所以會對資本主義產(chǎn)生這樣的認(rèn)識和做法,有著諸多的原因,其中毛澤東個人的因素起著重要的作用。毛澤東個人成長的局限性使他對資本主義認(rèn)識不夠全面,加上對社會主義意識形態(tài)的強(qiáng)烈認(rèn)同,難免會對資本主義產(chǎn)生一些錯誤認(rèn)識。毛澤東對新民主主義社會的認(rèn)識直接影響著資本主義在中國的命運。在毛澤東個人之外也有著諸多的因素影響著他對資本主義的認(rèn)識。民主革命的完成和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)使毛澤東暫時采取允許資本主義存在的政策。民族資產(chǎn)階級對中共的支持,也促使毛澤東對資本主義產(chǎn)生了比較正確的認(rèn)識。然而1953年以后,國內(nèi)形勢的好轉(zhuǎn)刺激了毛澤東的社會主義理想。這時的新中國又處在社會主義陣營中,面對著資本主義陣營的威脅和封鎖,唯一的援助者蘇聯(lián)的社會主義模式必然要對新中國的建設(shè)產(chǎn)生重大的影響。再加上,歷史上資本主義國家對中國的侵略和壓迫所激發(fā)出來的民族情感等等。這些因素都影響著毛澤東對資本主義的認(rèn)識,并促使他由利用限制資本主義走上了改造資本主義的道路。
[Abstract]:Before the founding of New China, there were three forms of capitalism in China, namely bureaucratic capitalism, national capitalism and imperialist economy.
When Mao Zedong understood the bureaucratic capital, it was often associated with the Kuomintang regime, that is, bureaucratic capital was the main means of the Kuomintang regime to control the national economy and the tool to squeeze the people, and the Kuomintang regime was the political and military support for the existence of bureaucratic capital. Mao Zedong thought that bureaucratic capitalism was "the most reactionary" and "the most backward". If the CPC wanted to overthrow the Kuomintang regime, it must overthrow bureaucratic capitalism. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the CPC took a series of measures to reform and confiscate it. Bureaucratic capitalism transformed it into a socialist state-owned economy and dominated the national economy so that the Communist Party of China began to lead China economically.
Mao Zedong advocated the political unity of the national bourgeoisie in dealing with the problem of national capitalism. Although the national bourgeoisie is "weak and wavering", they are different from the bureaucratic bourgeoisie in that they can participate in or remain neutral in the course of the revolution. They are part of the "masses of the people" and the completion of the Democratic revolution. In the new China regime, Mao Zedong advocated the participation of the bourgeoisie. In the movement of land reform after the founding of New China, suppression of counter-revolutionaries, resistance to the United States and assistance to the DPRK, the bourgeoisie also appeared. In economy, because of the backwardness of China's economy, Mao Zedong advocated the post-revolutionary phase. Private capitalism should be allowed to exist and develop for a long period of time, but its existence and development are limited by state policies and plans. This will not only benefit the recovery and development of the national economy, but also help the Communist Party of China to control the national economic order. The struggle of restriction and counter-restriction between doctrines, the three evils launched after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the Five Anti-revolutionary movements all pointed their spears at the bourgeoisie. Although they had some bad effects on the movement, the purpose of the movement was basically achieved. In thought, Mao Zedong insisted on ideological transformation of society, patriotism and common purpose. At the same time, in the movement of reforming ideas, some bad or even long-term bad effects have been produced.
In Mao Zedong's eyes, there are various contradictions in the capitalist world, which are extremely corrupt and on the verge of extinction. On the question of how to treat foreign capitalism, Mao Zedong emphasized that if the Chinese people want to be truly independent, they must remove the imperialist privileges in China and confiscate the imperialist economy in China. The capitalist countries headed by the state adopted blockade and threats against the new China. Mao Zedong did not exclude the establishment of diplomatic relations with the capitalist countries and the development of trade undertakings.
There are many reasons for Mao Zedong's understanding and practice of capitalism, among which Mao Zedong's personal factors play an important role. The limitations of Mao Zedong's personal growth make his understanding of capitalism incomplete, and his strong recognition of socialist ideology inevitably lead to some capitalism. Mao Zedong's understanding of the new democratic society has a direct impact on the fate of capitalism in China. Besides Mao Zedong himself, there are many factors affecting his understanding of capitalism. The completion of the democratic revolution and the restoration of the national economy made Mao Zedong temporarily adopt the policy of allowing capitalism to exist. The support of the bourgeoisie for the Communist Party also prompted Mao Zedong to have a more correct understanding of capitalism. However, after 1953, the improvement of the domestic situation stimulated Mao Zedong's socialist ideals. The socialist model is bound to exert a great influence on the construction of New China. In addition, the national sentiments aroused by the aggression and oppression of capitalist countries in history have influenced Mao Zedong's understanding of capitalism and promoted him to transform capitalism from capitalism by restricting its use. Road.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：A841
本文編號：2177866
[Abstract]:Before the founding of New China, there were three forms of capitalism in China, namely bureaucratic capitalism, national capitalism and imperialist economy.
When Mao Zedong understood the bureaucratic capital, it was often associated with the Kuomintang regime, that is, bureaucratic capital was the main means of the Kuomintang regime to control the national economy and the tool to squeeze the people, and the Kuomintang regime was the political and military support for the existence of bureaucratic capital. Mao Zedong thought that bureaucratic capitalism was "the most reactionary" and "the most backward". If the CPC wanted to overthrow the Kuomintang regime, it must overthrow bureaucratic capitalism. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the CPC took a series of measures to reform and confiscate it. Bureaucratic capitalism transformed it into a socialist state-owned economy and dominated the national economy so that the Communist Party of China began to lead China economically.
Mao Zedong advocated the political unity of the national bourgeoisie in dealing with the problem of national capitalism. Although the national bourgeoisie is "weak and wavering", they are different from the bureaucratic bourgeoisie in that they can participate in or remain neutral in the course of the revolution. They are part of the "masses of the people" and the completion of the Democratic revolution. In the new China regime, Mao Zedong advocated the participation of the bourgeoisie. In the movement of land reform after the founding of New China, suppression of counter-revolutionaries, resistance to the United States and assistance to the DPRK, the bourgeoisie also appeared. In economy, because of the backwardness of China's economy, Mao Zedong advocated the post-revolutionary phase. Private capitalism should be allowed to exist and develop for a long period of time, but its existence and development are limited by state policies and plans. This will not only benefit the recovery and development of the national economy, but also help the Communist Party of China to control the national economic order. The struggle of restriction and counter-restriction between doctrines, the three evils launched after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the Five Anti-revolutionary movements all pointed their spears at the bourgeoisie. Although they had some bad effects on the movement, the purpose of the movement was basically achieved. In thought, Mao Zedong insisted on ideological transformation of society, patriotism and common purpose. At the same time, in the movement of reforming ideas, some bad or even long-term bad effects have been produced.
In Mao Zedong's eyes, there are various contradictions in the capitalist world, which are extremely corrupt and on the verge of extinction. On the question of how to treat foreign capitalism, Mao Zedong emphasized that if the Chinese people want to be truly independent, they must remove the imperialist privileges in China and confiscate the imperialist economy in China. The capitalist countries headed by the state adopted blockade and threats against the new China. Mao Zedong did not exclude the establishment of diplomatic relations with the capitalist countries and the development of trade undertakings.
There are many reasons for Mao Zedong's understanding and practice of capitalism, among which Mao Zedong's personal factors play an important role. The limitations of Mao Zedong's personal growth make his understanding of capitalism incomplete, and his strong recognition of socialist ideology inevitably lead to some capitalism. Mao Zedong's understanding of the new democratic society has a direct impact on the fate of capitalism in China. Besides Mao Zedong himself, there are many factors affecting his understanding of capitalism. The completion of the democratic revolution and the restoration of the national economy made Mao Zedong temporarily adopt the policy of allowing capitalism to exist. The support of the bourgeoisie for the Communist Party also prompted Mao Zedong to have a more correct understanding of capitalism. However, after 1953, the improvement of the domestic situation stimulated Mao Zedong's socialist ideals. The socialist model is bound to exert a great influence on the construction of New China. In addition, the national sentiments aroused by the aggression and oppression of capitalist countries in history have influenced Mao Zedong's understanding of capitalism and promoted him to transform capitalism from capitalism by restricting its use. Road.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：A841
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