本文選題：費(fèi)希特 + 馬克思　； 參考：《浙江師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：馬克思與德國(guó)古典哲學(xué)的關(guān)系,歷來(lái)是學(xué)界關(guān)于馬克思思想形成和發(fā)展研究的重點(diǎn),其中,在馬克思自由觀與康德、黑格爾、費(fèi)爾巴哈自由觀間關(guān)系的研究方面,學(xué)界已經(jīng)取得了豐碩的成果。但相比之,馬克思自由觀與費(fèi)希特自由觀間關(guān)系的研究方面還很薄弱,幾乎是個(gè)空白。費(fèi)希特的自由觀在近代德國(guó)時(shí)代精神的形成中曾起過(guò)重要的作用：推動(dòng)了德國(guó)民族主義和社會(huì)主義思潮的興起,并對(duì)青年黑格爾派的形成產(chǎn)生了重要影響。本文將從歷史發(fā)展與文本分析的角度對(duì)馬克思與費(fèi)希特的自由觀進(jìn)行比較研究。 全文正文分為四個(gè)相互聯(lián)系的部分。第一部分：剖析了費(fèi)希特自由觀由以出發(fā)的唯心主義立場(chǎng)——“絕對(duì)自我”,指出,馬克思基于對(duì)費(fèi)希特自由觀唯心主義立場(chǎng)的批判,批判性地繼承和發(fā)展了其中所包含的合理因素,即強(qiáng)調(diào)“能動(dòng)性”,建立了以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)的主客體統(tǒng)一的歷史唯物主義自由觀。第二部分：從人與人、人與自然、人與社會(huì)的關(guān)系角度比較了馬克思自由觀和費(fèi)希特自由觀的三個(gè)基本原則,闡釋了在自由觀基本原則方面馬克思對(duì)費(fèi)希特相關(guān)概念的批判與超越。第三部分：比較分析了馬克思自由觀與費(fèi)希特自由觀的價(jià)值取向,指出,基于對(duì)費(fèi)希特自由觀價(jià)值取向的辯證揚(yáng)棄,馬克思把自由視為人與動(dòng)物區(qū)分的標(biāo)志、道德活動(dòng)的本質(zhì)。這一本質(zhì)是自我在道德活動(dòng)中通過(guò)自律來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。第四部分：對(duì)馬克思自由觀和費(fèi)希特自由觀的政治取向進(jìn)行了比較。雖然,這兩種自由觀都承認(rèn)勞動(dòng)是實(shí)現(xiàn)自由的手段,但是,由于階級(jí)和時(shí)代的局限性,費(fèi)希特的自由觀把資產(chǎn)階級(jí)國(guó)家視為個(gè)人意志自由的共同體,這是為新興的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)服務(wù)的。而馬克思則批判了費(fèi)希特自由觀的政治取向,認(rèn)為,只有通過(guò)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的長(zhǎng)期斗爭(zhēng),在階級(jí)和國(guó)家自行消亡的基礎(chǔ)上才能達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)人的自由最高境界——人的自由而全面的發(fā)展的場(chǎng)域,即自由人的聯(lián)合體——共產(chǎn)主義。 總之,對(duì)馬克思自由觀與費(fèi)希特自由觀加以比較研究,不僅有助于進(jìn)一步深入展開對(duì)馬克思與德國(guó)古典哲學(xué)關(guān)系的探討,而且也有助于推進(jìn)對(duì)馬克思自由觀乃至馬克思哲學(xué)的研究。
[Abstract]:The relationship between Marx and German classical philosophy has always been the focus of academic research on the formation and development of Marx's thought, among which, the study of the relationship between Marx's concept of freedom and Kant's, Hegel's, Feuerbach's view of freedom. Academic circles have made fruitful achievements. However, the study of the relationship between Marx's view of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom is still very weak, almost a blank. Fichte's concept of freedom played an important role in the formation of the spirit of the modern German era: it promoted the rise of German nationalism and socialist thought and had an important influence on the formation of the youth Hegel school. This paper makes a comparative study of Marx's and Fichte's views on freedom from the angle of historical development and text analysis. The text is divided into four interrelated parts. In the first part, the author analyzes the idealism standpoint of Fichte's view of freedom, that is, "absolute ego", and points out that Marx is based on the criticism of Fichte's view of freedom. It critically inherits and develops the reasonable factors contained therein, that is, emphasizing "initiative", and establishes a unified historical materialism freedom view based on practice. The second part: from the point of view of the relationship between man and man, man and nature, man and society, the author compares the three basic principles of Marx's view of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom. This paper expounds Marx's criticism and transcendence of Fichte's related concepts in the basic principles of the concept of freedom. In the third part, the author compares and analyzes the value orientation of Marx's concept of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom, and points out that, based on the dialectical sublation of the value orientation of Fichte's view of freedom, Marx regarded freedom as the mark of distinguishing man from animal, and the essence of moral activity. This essence is realized by self-discipline in moral activities. The fourth part: the political orientation of Marx's freedom view and Fichte's freedom view is compared. Although both concepts of freedom recognized that labor was a means of achieving freedom, because of the limitations of class and the times, Fichte's view of freedom regarded the bourgeois state as a community of individual freedom of will. This serves the burgeoning bourgeoisie. Marx, on the other hand, criticized the political orientation of Fichte's view of freedom, arguing that only through the long-term struggle of the proletariat, Only on the basis of the death of class and state, can we achieve the highest realm of human freedom-the field of human freedom and all-round development, that is, the association of free people-communism. In a word, the comparative study of Marx's concept of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom is not only helpful to further explore the relationship between Marx and German classical philosophy, It also helps to promote the study of Marx's view of freedom and even Marx's philosophy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：B025.9;B516.33;A811

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