發(fā)布時間：2018-02-26 04:21

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 馬克思社會發(fā)展觀 科學(xué)發(fā)展觀 歷史環(huán)境 社會主義發(fā)展理念　出處：《南開大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：“什么是社會主義社會發(fā)展、怎樣實現(xiàn)社會主義社會發(fā)展”是貫穿在從馬克思社會發(fā)展觀到科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的鮮明主題。共產(chǎn)主義是馬克思解決社會發(fā)展問題的途徑與目標(biāo)。馬克思通過對資本主義社會發(fā)展問題的批判，在吸收近代西方社會發(fā)展觀合理因素的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了科學(xué)社會主義社會發(fā)展觀，不僅正確揭示了人類社會發(fā)展規(guī)律，為社會發(fā)展觀奠定了科學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ)，，而且提出了社會主義社會發(fā)展的具體構(gòu)想。 馬克思社會發(fā)展觀的主要內(nèi)容包括社會整體發(fā)展論、社會發(fā)展綜合動力論、社會發(fā)展辯證決定論和社會發(fā)展價值論。從而系統(tǒng)回答了“什么是社會發(fā)展、什么促使社會發(fā)展、怎樣實現(xiàn)社會發(fā)展、社會發(fā)展為了誰”等問題。理論與實際相統(tǒng)一是馬克思社會發(fā)展觀的基本原則，這一原則決定馬克思沒有用固定模式規(guī)范社會主義社會發(fā)展的具體道路和途徑。理論與實際相統(tǒng)一的原則具體體現(xiàn)在馬克思“歷史環(huán)境”思想中。馬克思“歷史環(huán)境”思想說明社會主義如何發(fā)展要根據(jù)具體的歷史環(huán)境。但是，在現(xiàn)實社會主義實踐中人們對究竟什么是社會主義社會發(fā)展、怎樣實現(xiàn)社會主義社會發(fā)展的認(rèn)識經(jīng)歷了一個曲折的過程。本文認(rèn)為馬克思社會發(fā)展觀與社會主義實踐的結(jié)合經(jīng)歷了由科學(xué)到空想再到科學(xué)的兩個大的否定之否定階段。第一個否定之否定階段就是列寧對馬克思社會發(fā)展觀的實踐初探。這一否定之否定階段是由俄國十月革命的勝利到戰(zhàn)時共產(chǎn)主義政策再到新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和列寧晚年三個階段兩次否定構(gòu)成的。列寧領(lǐng)導(dǎo)俄國十月革命的勝利標(biāo)志著世界歷史方向的改變，從而使馬克思社會發(fā)展觀由理論形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實形態(tài)。但是，戰(zhàn)時共產(chǎn)主義政策的實施卻超越了經(jīng)濟(jì)文化比較落后的實際，使馬克思的共產(chǎn)主義理想陷入空想，通過對戰(zhàn)時共產(chǎn)主義經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)的反思，列寧實行了新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，重新找到了馬克思社會發(fā)展觀與經(jīng)濟(jì)文化比較落后基礎(chǔ)上建立的社會主義國家社會發(fā)展相結(jié)合的正確途徑。列寧晚年在新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的基礎(chǔ)上全面地思考了在經(jīng)濟(jì)文化比較落后基礎(chǔ)上究竟應(yīng)該如何實現(xiàn)社會主義社會發(fā)展的具體途徑，這不僅是對戰(zhàn)時共產(chǎn)主義時期發(fā)展觀念的徹底揚(yáng)棄，也是對列寧在經(jīng)濟(jì)文化比較落后基礎(chǔ)上建立無產(chǎn)階級政權(quán)的觀念升華；第二個大的否定之否定階段是由新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和列寧晚年、蘇聯(lián)模式社會主義和中國特色社會主義三個階段兩次否定構(gòu)成。蘇聯(lián)模式社會主義并沒有按照列寧的思路將馬克思社會發(fā)展觀與社會主義實際相結(jié)合，相反，在蘇聯(lián)模式社會主義實踐中馬克思的共產(chǎn)主義理想陷入了空想。毛澤東雖然試圖走有中國特色社會主義發(fā)展道路，但最終還是沒有走出蘇聯(lián)模式的發(fā)展范式。中國特色社會主義實踐徹底走出了蘇聯(lián)模式的發(fā)展誤區(qū)，其具體路徑就是在堅持馬克思社會整體進(jìn)步的發(fā)展要求、依靠人民群眾實現(xiàn)人的自由而全面發(fā)展的發(fā)展實質(zhì)和理論與實際相結(jié)合的基本原則這“一脈”的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)具體的歷史環(huán)境面臨的發(fā)展問題，實現(xiàn)有重點的從經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治到文化分布發(fā)展，通過鄧小平時期以生產(chǎn)力為基礎(chǔ)的社會發(fā)展觀到以江澤民為核心的黨的第三代領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集體以制度創(chuàng)新為核心的社會發(fā)展觀再到以人為本的科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，實現(xiàn)了馬克思社會發(fā)展觀的與時俱進(jìn)。 科學(xué)發(fā)展觀作為中國特色社會主義社會發(fā)展理論的集中體現(xiàn)具有豐富的理論意義，主要體現(xiàn)在科學(xué)發(fā)展觀實現(xiàn)了馬克思社會發(fā)展觀具有歷史意義的飛越：其一、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀昭示著馬克思社會發(fā)展觀的核心價值；其二、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀體現(xiàn)了馬克思社會整體發(fā)展的最優(yōu)化原則。同時，科學(xué)發(fā)展觀也具有極其重要的當(dāng)代價值。實踐證明，當(dāng)代西方社會發(fā)展理論無法解決當(dāng)代世界的發(fā)展難題，科學(xué)發(fā)展觀超越了當(dāng)代西方社會發(fā)展理論，進(jìn)一步展示了馬克思社會發(fā)展觀的當(dāng)代價值。本文最后得出的結(jié)論就是：要從社會主義社會發(fā)展、相對落后國家社會主義社會發(fā)展、中國作為在相對落后基礎(chǔ)上建立的社會主義社會發(fā)展審視馬克思社會發(fā)展觀與實踐結(jié)合的內(nèi)在規(guī)律。
[Abstract]:"What is socialism, how to realize the development of the socialist society" is through the view to the distinct theme from Marx Scientific Outlook on Development's social development. Communism is the way to solve the problem of social development and the goal of Marx. Marx criticized the development of capitalist society, based on reasonable absorption factors of modern western social development view, put forward the scientific socialism view of social development, not only reveals the law of development of human society, has laid a theoretical foundation for the scientific view of social development, and puts forward some concrete ideas for the development of socialist society.
The main content of Marx's social development view including the overall social development theory, power theory of the social development, social development, dialectical determinism and social development value theory. So the system answer "what is what prompted the social development, social development, how to realize the social development, social development in order to who." theory and practice unification the basic principle of Marx's social development view, this principle decided Marx does not use the fixed pattern specification of the development of socialist society and specific road way. Theory and practice of the principle of unity is embodied in Marx's "historical environment" thoughts. Marx's "historical environment" thought that how to develop socialism according to the specific historical environment. However, in the socialist practice of what is socialist society development, how to realize the development of the socialist society Understanding experienced a tortuous process. This paper argues that Marx's view of social development combined with the experience of socialist practice from science to Utopian to negative stage two large negative view of science. The practice of development of Marx society first negative negative stage is Lenin. This is the negation of the negative stage by the victory of the Russian October revolution to the policy of wartime communism to new economic policy and Lenin's three stages of the two negative forms. Lenin led the October revolution of Russia's victory marked the direction of world history changes, so that Marx's view of social development change from theoretical form into reality form. However, the implementation of the policy of wartime communism but beyond the actual economic and cultural backwardness, Marx's communist ideal Utopian, based on the experience of anti war communism Scarlett, Lenin implemented a new economic policy, Marx found a new view of social development and backward economic and cultural right way based on the combination of the social development of socialist countries. Based on Lenin's new economic policy on the comprehensive thinking in the relatively backward economic culture specific ways based on how to realize the development of socialist society and this is not only completely abandon the concept of development in the wartime Communist period, but also to Lenin in the relatively backward economic culture based on the concept of sublimation of proletarian political power; negative stage second large negative by the new economic policy and Lenin in his later years, and the Soviet model of socialism China socialism three stages two negation the Soviet model of socialism. And not in accordance with the ideas of Lenin Marx social development and socialist. When combined, on the contrary, the Soviet model of socialism practice Marx's communist ideal into a dream. Although Mao Zedong tried to walk Chinese socialism and development paradigm but ultimately not out of the Soviet model. The practice of the socialist Chinese characteristics completely out of the misunderstandings of development of the Soviet Union, the specific path is in development to Marx of the overall social progress, the basic principles of the development of the essence of relying on the masses to achieve comprehensive development of human freedom and the combination of theory and practice of the "one", according to the development problems of the specific historical environment, realize the focus from the economic, political and cultural development to distribution, through the period of Deng Xiaoping on the basis of the social productivity development concept to the party's third generation of collective leadership with Jiang Zemin as the core of the system innovation as the core The concept of social development to the people based Scientific Outlook on Development has realized the progress of Marx's view of social development.
Scientific Outlook on Development as the embodiment of socialist society development theory China features rich in theory, mainly reflected in the Scientific Outlook on Development implementation of the Marx social development view over the historic significance: first, Scientific Outlook on Development shows the core value of Marx's social development view; second, Scientific Outlook on Development reflects the optimization principle of Marx development of the whole society. At the same time, Scientific Outlook on Development also of great importance and value to modern. Practice has proved that the contemporary western theories of social development can not solve the problem in the development of the contemporary world, Scientific Outlook on Development surpassed the contemporary western theories of social development, further shows the contemporary value of Marx's social development view. The conclusion is: from the development of the socialist society, relatively backward socialist countries in social development, Chinese as in the relatively backward foundation The development of socialist social development examines the inherent law of Marx's social development view and practice.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D61;A811

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