本文關(guān)鍵詞： 毛澤東 政治家 新聞 宣傳 謀略 宣傳謀略　出處：《華中科技大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：對中國新聞史而言,毛澤東是一位具有里程碑意義的人物。在長期的實踐中,他發(fā)展出了一套完善的宣傳思想體系,不僅對他的時代產(chǎn)生了重大影響,而且這一影響一直延續(xù)至今。本文一改以往從一般新聞傳播理論研究毛澤東新聞、宣傳思想的傳統(tǒng),還原了毛澤東的政治家身份,從謀略的視角入手,就不同時期毛澤東運用諸多宣傳符號和宣傳技巧對特定的政治、軍事環(huán)境進行“趨利避害”,最終實現(xiàn)特定政治目標(biāo)等問題對毛澤東的宣傳謀略進行了歷史梳理,并對其精要內(nèi)容及來源進行了分析。 文章首先結(jié)合毛澤東的從政歷程分期,對其宣傳謀略萌芽、形成、發(fā)展的歷史脈絡(luò)進行了梳理,呈現(xiàn)了一個動態(tài)的演進過程。 1927年8月以前,為毛澤東宣傳謀略的萌芽期,主要是一些謀略“意識”的凸顯,主要表現(xiàn)在：首先,他意識到宣傳的主要功能是“改造”人的思想,并就此進行了實踐,取得了一定的效果,這為以后的諸多實踐贏得了自信；其次,他意識到宣傳是“制造輿論”的重要工具,而有效的“制造輿論”的前提是掌握一定的話語權(quán),這一意識的萌發(fā)為下一階段他對外制造輿論以引起民眾同情,對內(nèi)掌握話語權(quán)以確立領(lǐng)袖地位奠定了基礎(chǔ)；第三,他意識到當(dāng)一種宣傳方式受到限制時,應(yīng)考慮其他方式加以補充,從而提高宣傳效率,盡管他所開發(fā)的其他宣傳方式有限,然而為以后依據(jù)特定情況,生發(fā)出豐富多樣的宣傳方式奠定了基礎(chǔ)；第四,他意識到宣傳工作應(yīng)為特定的政黨提供服務(wù),且應(yīng)接受政黨的統(tǒng)一管理,盡管這一意識并不清晰,但卻為下一階段的“宣傳應(yīng)堅持黨性原則”奠定了基礎(chǔ)；第五,他意識到宣傳工作應(yīng)根據(jù)不同對象“有的放矢”,為下一階段靈活處理各種“宣傳對象”與“宣傳方式”的關(guān)系打下了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。這種萌發(fā)了的宣傳謀略對毛澤東獲得政治知名度產(chǎn)生了積極的影響。 1927年8月到1949年9月,為毛澤東宣傳謀略的形成期,此時他的宣傳謀略已發(fā)展成了完善的有機體,主要表現(xiàn)在：首先,他的宣傳謀略是為實現(xiàn)特定政治、軍事目標(biāo),對特定政治、軍事環(huán)境進行“趨利避害”的結(jié)果；第二,他能夠根據(jù)政治、軍事局勢及主要宣傳對象的變化,從“宣傳內(nèi)容”、“宣傳方法”、“宣傳載體”及“宣傳者”等諸多方面入手及時調(diào)整宣傳謀略,從而實現(xiàn)最佳的宣傳效果；第三,他借鑒政治謀略和軍事謀略,發(fā)展和創(chuàng)造出了諸多行之有效的宣傳技巧,成為宣傳謀略的重要組成,并成為其宣傳謀略得以順利實施的重要保障。這一成熟了的宣傳謀略對其黨內(nèi)軍內(nèi)領(lǐng)袖地位的確立與中共合法地位的獲得產(chǎn)生了積極的影響； 1949年10月到1976年9月,是毛澤東宣傳謀略的發(fā)展期,其宣傳謀略的發(fā)展主要表現(xiàn)在：首先,他的宣傳謀略是出于對潛在政治危機的疑慮而采取的“防御性”行動,除了需要隨時把握變動的局勢以便“趨利避害”之外,還需利用宣傳工作“‘創(chuàng)’利避害”,也即宣傳應(yīng)在解決危機和挖掘潛在危機兩個方面,時刻發(fā)揮積極作用；其次,他對“宣傳者”進行了進一步“管理”,不但要求他們站在政治家的高度,總攬全局,隨時“變”,且“變得快”,而且還通過首肯并鼓勵對宣傳機構(gòu)的奪權(quán),替換了專業(yè)宣傳者,直接掌握了宣傳機構(gòu)；第三,維護和鞏固他個人在軍內(nèi)、黨內(nèi)、國內(nèi)的最高領(lǐng)袖及絕對權(quán)威成為其制定并實施宣傳謀略的核心動機；最后,宣傳謀略變得更加隱蔽和神秘,甚至走向極端。這種極端化了的宣傳謀略對當(dāng)時和當(dāng)下的中國社會、新聞界乃至中國大眾都產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。 接著,文章在脈絡(luò)梳理的基礎(chǔ)上,對毛澤東宣傳謀略的精要和來源進行了橫向剖析。認為,毛澤東宣傳謀略的精要主要表現(xiàn)在四個方面,即以隨勢而變?yōu)楦驹瓌t,以解決和制造沖突為基本任務(wù),以爭權(quán)立威為終極目標(biāo),以處理好“說與做”、“實與虛”、“快與慢”三組關(guān)系為核心技巧。還認為,毛澤東宣傳謀略的來源非常豐富,主要包括四個方面,即“虎氣”、“猴氣”與“蛇氣”并存的獨特性格,青年時代的專業(yè)新聞教育經(jīng)歷,政治謀略與軍事計謀,馬克思、恩格斯的宣傳理論及列寧的宣傳策略。 最后,對毛澤東宣傳謀略進行了評價。認為,毛澤東宣傳謀略一方面是特殊時代的特殊產(chǎn)物,發(fā)揮了特殊的作用,另一方面又不乏出于個人政治目的而生成的消極要素,這是當(dāng)下的我們應(yīng)該努力摒棄的。
[Abstract]:The China news history, Mao Zedong is a milepost significance of the characters. In the long-term practice, he developed a set of perfect propaganda system, not only had a significant influence on his age, and this influence continues today. In this paper, a change in the past from the general theory of journalism research Mao Zedong news. The propaganda and ideological tradition, reducing Mao Zedong's political identity, starting from the strategic perspective, different periods of Mao Zedong use a lot of publicity symbols and propaganda techniques of particular political, "advantages" military environment, ultimately to achieve specific political goals on issues such as Mao Zedong's propaganda strategy were reviewed, and its essence and the source is analyzed.
First, combined with Mao Zedong's stages of his political career, he combed his propaganda strategy and the historical context of its formation and development, presenting a dynamic evolution process.
Before August 1927, Mao Zedong propaganda strategy of infancy, mainly highlighting the strategy of "consciousness", mainly displays in: first, he realized that the main function of publicity is the "transformation" of human thought, and in practice, has obtained the certain effect, this is after many practice to win confidence; secondly, he realized that publicity is an important tool of public opinion, and effective "public opinion" premise is to have a certain right to speak, the germination of this consciousness for the next stage of his foreign public opinion is to arouse people to grasp the right words of sympathy, to establish a leading position laid the foundation; third. He realized that as a way of publicity is limited, should consider other ways to be added, so as to improve the efficiency of publicity, although other forms of propaganda he developed, however for the future according to specific circumstances, hair Laid the foundation for various publicity; fourth, he realized the propaganda work should provide services for specific parties, unified management and should accept the party, although this consciousness is not clear, but the "propaganda should adhere to the principle of party spirit" laid the foundation for the next stage; fifth, he realized the propaganda work should be based on different object "targeted", dealing with the relationship between the various "flexible propaganda objects" and "propaganda" for the next stage and lay a solid foundation. The germination of the propaganda strategies of Mao Zedong political awareness had a positive impact.
From August 1927 to September 1949, for the formation of Mao Zedong propaganda strategy, his propaganda strategy has developed into a perfect organism, mainly displays in: first, his propaganda strategy is to achieve specific political and military objectives, in particular political, "avoid" the military environment; second, he can change according to the political, military the situation and main propaganda object, from "propaganda", "propaganda method", "media" and "propaganda" and many other aspects of the timely adjustment of publicity strategy, in order to achieve the best publicity; third, he learned from the political and military strategies and development has created many effective propaganda techniques. As an important component of the propaganda strategy, and become an important guarantee for the smooth implementation of the strategy of publicity. The publicity strategy of the medium rare party in the military leadership The establishment of the Chinese Communist Party has a positive impact on the acquisition of the legal status of the Communist Party of China.
From October 1949 to September 1976, is the development of Mao Zedong's propaganda strategy, the promotion strategy of development mainly displays in: first, his propaganda strategy is out of the potential political crisis worries and take defensive action, but need to grasp the changes in situation to the "advantage", also need to use a "propaganda" "the benefit and avoid the harm, namely propaganda should be excavated in two aspects in solving the crisis and potential crisis, always play a positive role; secondly, he" propaganda "to" management ", not only requires them to stand in the height of the politicians, the overall situation, to" change ", and" be quick, "but also through the power of approval and encourage propaganda, replace professional propaganda, directly control the propaganda; third, to maintain and consolidate his personal army, the party, the supreme leader and the vast domestic To become the authority formulate and implement publicity strategy of the core motivation; finally, the propaganda strategy has become more subtle and mysterious, even to the extreme. This extreme the publicity strategy of that time and the social Chinese, press and Chinese public have had a profound impact.
Then, based on combing the analysis of the transverse, and the origin of Mao Zedong's propaganda strategy. Mao Zedong believes that the essence of the propaganda strategy is mainly manifested in four aspects, namely, with potential change as a fundamental principle to solve the conflict and manufacturing as the basic task, as for Li Wei as the ultimate goal. In order to handle the "said and done", "real and imaginary", "fast and slow" three relations as the core skills. Mao Zedong also believes that the source of propaganda strategy is very rich, mainly includes four aspects, namely the "tiger", "unique character monkey" and "snake" coexist, youth in the era of education news experience, political strategy and military strategy, Marx, and Lenin Engels's theory of propaganda propaganda strategy.
Finally, the Mao Zedong propaganda strategy is evaluated. Mao Zedong believes that publicity strategy is a special product of the special era, play a special role, on the other hand, but also for personal political purposes and the formation of negative elements, this is the moment that we should abandon the effort.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：A841

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本文編號：1490393