商代殉狗習(xí)俗研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-05-30 01:49
【摘要】：商代作為中國歷史上第二個奴隸制王朝,在中華文明發(fā)展史上占有重要地位。殉狗習(xí)俗是商代特有的一種風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,在殷墟歷年來發(fā)掘的商代墓葬中,不管是貴族或平民墓,多半見有在棺底或棺面上下殉狗的現(xiàn)象,在宮殿、宗廟等建筑基址和祭祀坑中,也陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了不少填埋有狗的坑。本文依據(jù)考古材料,結(jié)合文獻記載,對商代殉狗習(xí)俗進行了分析和論證,并初步探討了其流變過程及其相關(guān)問題。全文分六章,包括緒論、殉狗的類型、殉狗的方式、殉狗習(xí)俗的源流、殉狗的目的及其所反映的社會生活、結(jié)語等。 本文認為,商代殉狗習(xí)俗以數(shù)量眾多、類型多樣、內(nèi)涵豐富為主要特征。根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)位置和場合的不同,可分為墓葬中殉狗、建筑基址中殉狗和祭祀坑殉狗三種類型。殉狗的方式主要有生殉和死殉兩種。殉狗的頭向和隨葬品也都有一定的規(guī)律。商代前期是殉狗習(xí)俗的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展期,而商代后期則是殉狗習(xí)俗的繁榮期。不同形式和場合殉狗的目的和作用也常常大相徑庭�？偟膩碚f主要有守衛(wèi)、驅(qū)邪、奠基和祭祀獻享等功能,墓葬中的殉狗,除了具備守衛(wèi)等功能外,還有可能作為墓主人的寵物而殉葬。商代殉狗的死殉、生殉方式及頭向規(guī)律都是為了方便按照墓葬的規(guī)制進行殉埋而產(chǎn)生,殉狗隨葬品的數(shù)量和種類跟墓葬規(guī)模和等級有著密切的聯(lián)系。 商代后期,墓葬中的殉狗在形式和方式上開始有了地區(qū)性差異,即使在同一個地區(qū),不同遺址或墓地的殉狗形式也有著一定的差異,這種現(xiàn)象是商代殉狗習(xí)俗隨著時間和范圍的變化而逐步演變的結(jié)果。建筑基址中殉狗并不是普遍存在的,而應(yīng)該與建筑的功能或某種儀式有著密切的聯(lián)系。祭祀坑殉狗在不同的場合中出現(xiàn)的形式也有所不同,還與等級制度有一定關(guān)系,并從屬于商代的祭祀制度。 新石器時代和二里頭文化時期,眾多的動物埋葬坑和墓葬殉牲現(xiàn)象為商代殉狗習(xí)俗的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展奠定了一定的基礎(chǔ),但商代殉狗習(xí)俗并不是直接吸收或借鑒前期或同期的其他文化類型的文化因素發(fā)展而成的,而是商代本身在其社會發(fā)展過程中興起的一種文化習(xí)俗,是商文化本身發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物。 商代殉狗習(xí)俗的普及是自上而下來完成的,在商代的殉葬和祭祀制度中占有重要的地位。商代殉狗習(xí)俗以畜牧、狩獵業(yè)的發(fā)達和養(yǎng)狗的普遍性為社會背景,以鬼神思想的盛行和“事死如事生”的喪葬觀念為文化背景。
[Abstract]:As the second slavery dynasty in Chinese history, Shang Dynasty played an important role in the history of Chinese civilization. The custom of dog martyrdom is a unique custom in the Shang Dynasty. In the tombs of the Shang Dynasty excavated in the Yin ruins over the years, whether aristocratic or civilian tombs, most of them were killed in dogs at the bottom of the coffin or on the face of the coffin, in the base sites and sacrifice pits of buildings such as palaces and temples. Many holes filled with dogs have also been found one after another. Based on archaeological materials and literature records, this paper analyzes and demonstrates the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty, and probes into its evolution process and related problems. The full text is divided into six chapters, including introduction, the type of dog martyrdom, the way of martyrdom dog, the origin of dog martyrdom custom, the purpose of dog martyrdom and the social life reflected by it, the conclusion and so on. This paper holds that the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty is characterized by a large number, various types and rich connotation. According to the location and occasion of the discovery, it can be divided into three types: the martyrdom of the dog in the tomb, the martyrdom of the dog in the building site and the martyrdom of the sacrifice pit. There are two main ways to die a dog: life martyrdom and death martyrdom. The head of the martyred dog and the funeral objects also have certain rules. The early Shang Dynasty was the emergence and development period of dog martyrdom custom, while the late Shang Dynasty was the prosperous period of dog martyrdom custom. The purpose and function of martyrdom in different forms and occasions are often very different. Generally speaking, it mainly has the functions of guard, exorcism, foundation laying and sacrifice and sharing. In addition to the functions of guards and so on, the martyred dog in the tomb may also be killed as the pet of the owner of the tomb. The death and martyrdom of dogs in Shang Dynasty, the way of life martyrdom and the law of head direction are all produced in order to facilitate martyrdom according to the regulation of tombs. The number and type of funeral objects of martyred dogs are closely related to the scale and grade of tombs. In the late Shang Dynasty, the form and mode of martyrdom dogs in tombs began to have regional differences, even in the same area, there were some differences in the forms of martyrdom dogs in different sites or cemeteries. This phenomenon is the result of the gradual evolution of the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty with the change of time and range. The martyrdom of dogs in the site of the building is not common, but should be closely related to the function of the building or some kind of ritual. The forms of martyrs in sacrifice pits are also different in different occasions, and they are also related to the hierarchy, and are subordinate to the sacrifice system of the Shang Dynasty. In the Neolithic and Erlitou cultural periods, many animal buries and tombs laid a certain foundation for the emergence and development of the custom of dog martyrdom in the Shang Dynasty. However, the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was not developed by directly absorbing or drawing lessons from other cultural factors in the early stage or the same period, but a kind of cultural custom rising in the process of social development of Shang Dynasty itself, which was the product of the development of Shang culture itself. The popularization of the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was completed from top to bottom, and played an important role in the system of martyrdom and sacrifice in Shang Dynasty. The custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was based on the social background of animal husbandry, the development of hunting industry and the universality of dog raising, and the cultural background was the prevalence of ghost and god thought and the concept of "death and death".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K878.8
本文編號：2488405
[Abstract]:As the second slavery dynasty in Chinese history, Shang Dynasty played an important role in the history of Chinese civilization. The custom of dog martyrdom is a unique custom in the Shang Dynasty. In the tombs of the Shang Dynasty excavated in the Yin ruins over the years, whether aristocratic or civilian tombs, most of them were killed in dogs at the bottom of the coffin or on the face of the coffin, in the base sites and sacrifice pits of buildings such as palaces and temples. Many holes filled with dogs have also been found one after another. Based on archaeological materials and literature records, this paper analyzes and demonstrates the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty, and probes into its evolution process and related problems. The full text is divided into six chapters, including introduction, the type of dog martyrdom, the way of martyrdom dog, the origin of dog martyrdom custom, the purpose of dog martyrdom and the social life reflected by it, the conclusion and so on. This paper holds that the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty is characterized by a large number, various types and rich connotation. According to the location and occasion of the discovery, it can be divided into three types: the martyrdom of the dog in the tomb, the martyrdom of the dog in the building site and the martyrdom of the sacrifice pit. There are two main ways to die a dog: life martyrdom and death martyrdom. The head of the martyred dog and the funeral objects also have certain rules. The early Shang Dynasty was the emergence and development period of dog martyrdom custom, while the late Shang Dynasty was the prosperous period of dog martyrdom custom. The purpose and function of martyrdom in different forms and occasions are often very different. Generally speaking, it mainly has the functions of guard, exorcism, foundation laying and sacrifice and sharing. In addition to the functions of guards and so on, the martyred dog in the tomb may also be killed as the pet of the owner of the tomb. The death and martyrdom of dogs in Shang Dynasty, the way of life martyrdom and the law of head direction are all produced in order to facilitate martyrdom according to the regulation of tombs. The number and type of funeral objects of martyred dogs are closely related to the scale and grade of tombs. In the late Shang Dynasty, the form and mode of martyrdom dogs in tombs began to have regional differences, even in the same area, there were some differences in the forms of martyrdom dogs in different sites or cemeteries. This phenomenon is the result of the gradual evolution of the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty with the change of time and range. The martyrdom of dogs in the site of the building is not common, but should be closely related to the function of the building or some kind of ritual. The forms of martyrs in sacrifice pits are also different in different occasions, and they are also related to the hierarchy, and are subordinate to the sacrifice system of the Shang Dynasty. In the Neolithic and Erlitou cultural periods, many animal buries and tombs laid a certain foundation for the emergence and development of the custom of dog martyrdom in the Shang Dynasty. However, the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was not developed by directly absorbing or drawing lessons from other cultural factors in the early stage or the same period, but a kind of cultural custom rising in the process of social development of Shang Dynasty itself, which was the product of the development of Shang culture itself. The popularization of the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was completed from top to bottom, and played an important role in the system of martyrdom and sacrifice in Shang Dynasty. The custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was based on the social background of animal husbandry, the development of hunting industry and the universality of dog raising, and the cultural background was the prevalence of ghost and god thought and the concept of "death and death".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K878.8
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