【摘要】：三峽地區(qū)地理環(huán)境特殊,具有局部的獨(dú)立性,又是長(zhǎng)江中游重要的水上通道。新石器時(shí)代考古發(fā)現(xiàn)中,早期的豐都漁腹浦遺址、中期豐都玉溪遺址、晚期的忠縣哨棚嘴遺址,完整的新石器時(shí)代文化發(fā)現(xiàn)序列已經(jīng)建立。至夏商時(shí)期,三峽地區(qū)已經(jīng)有青銅器出土,這些青銅器多數(shù)為青銅兵器,也包含生產(chǎn)生活用具及少量禮器。青銅冶鑄工具諸如石范在三峽地區(qū)也有出土,這說(shuō)明三峽地區(qū)在青銅器冶鑄技術(shù)上是有一定的水平的。三峽地區(qū)自然環(huán)境惡劣,遠(yuǎn)比處于西部的成都平原、東部的江漢平原要差得多。從三峽地區(qū)的夏商時(shí)期青銅器類(lèi)型中主要有箭鏃、魚(yú)鉤的情況來(lái)看,這些生產(chǎn)工具都表現(xiàn)了對(duì)環(huán)境的高度適應(yīng)性。石質(zhì)和骨質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)工具基本上可滿(mǎn)足巴人生產(chǎn)需要。由于銅礦資源的稀少,巴人必須將有限的銅礦資源用于兵器。青銅工具的制造需要復(fù)雜的流程,冶鑄銅器的難度要比石質(zhì)和骨質(zhì)等工具加工難度要大的多,即使銅器的成品是由貿(mào)易交換而來(lái),它們也比石器和骨器要珍貴的多。同盤(pán)龍城遺址、三星堆遺址出土的商代青銅器比較,三峽地區(qū)的青銅器也表現(xiàn)出一定的一致性,從出土的青銅尊和青銅M的造型和紋飾來(lái)看具有商文化因素,但從青銅冶鑄技術(shù)上講三峽地區(qū)還很落后,制造復(fù)雜紋飾和造型復(fù)雜的器物多用陶制合范,而在三峽地區(qū)已發(fā)掘的遺址中尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)用于制造復(fù)雜紋飾大件青銅器的陶范。雖然發(fā)現(xiàn)有少量石范,但石范多用于制造較簡(jiǎn)單的器物如箭鏃、魚(yú)鉤等,而且石范多能重復(fù)使用,實(shí)用型較制造大件青銅禮器的一次性陶范要強(qiáng)。在銅礦資源三峽地區(qū)也不及兩者。雖然出土的器物表明三峽地區(qū)青銅器間接或直接的受中原商文化的影響,在三峽地區(qū)夏商時(shí)期的文化層中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)了與中原地區(qū)相似的卜骨和用于貿(mào)易交換的貝幣。貝幣在殷墟和三星堆遺址中都有發(fā)現(xiàn),我們可以這說(shuō)貝作為通用貨幣是受到當(dāng)時(shí)各方國(guó)認(rèn)可的,也可以說(shuō)明文化和技術(shù)傳播的路線(xiàn)已經(jīng)存在。這條文化交流路線(xiàn)的存在就為青銅技術(shù)的傳播提供了條件。三峽地區(qū)夏商時(shí)期遺址多在江河的漫灘和臺(tái)地上受洪水的沖刷嚴(yán)重,頻繁的水患可使遺址中的器物被洪水沖走或沖出,三峽地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)青銅器較少也可能與長(zhǎng)江洪水的沖刷有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The three Gorges region is an important water passage in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River because of its special geographical environment and local independence. In the Neolithic archaeological discoveries, the early Fengdu Yupu site, the metaphase Fengdu Yuxi site, the late Zhongxian Zhaobengzui site, and the complete Neolithic cultural discovery sequence have been established. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, bronze vessels were unearthed in the three Gorges region. Bronze casting tools such as Shifan are also unearthed in the three Gorges area, which shows that there is a certain level of bronze casting technology in the three Gorges area. The natural environment of the three Gorges region is much worse than that of Chengdu Plain in the west and Jianghan Plain in the east. The arrowheads and fish hooks are the main types of bronze wares in the three Gorges area during the Xia and Shang dynasties. These production tools are highly adaptable to the environment. Stone and bone production tools can basically meet the production needs of the Ba people. Due to the scarcity of copper resources, the Ba people must use the limited copper resources for weapons. The manufacture of bronze tools requires a complex process, and it is much more difficult to make bronze objects than tools such as stone and bone, and even if the finished products are exchanged for trade, they are much more precious than stone tools and bone tools. Compared with the bronze wares of the Shang Dynasty unearthed from the ruins of Panlong City and Sanxingdui, the bronzes in the three Gorges area also show certain consistency. From the shapes and patterns of bronze statues and bronze M unearthed, there are commercial cultural factors. However, in terms of bronze casting technology, the three Gorges area is still very backward, and the pottery for making complex ornaments and objects with complex shapes is mostly made of pottery, while in the sites that have been excavated in the three Gorges region, no pottery models have been found for the manufacture of large bronzes with complex patterns. Although a small amount of stone fan was found, Shi Fan was used to make simple objects such as arrowheads, fish hooks and so on, and Shi Fan duo can be reused, and practical type is better than one-off pottery fan which makes large bronze ritual ware. The three Gorges area of copper resources is also inferior to both. Although the artifacts unearthed indicate that bronzes in the three Gorges region were indirectly or directly influenced by the Shang culture of the Central Plains, similar bones and shellfish for trade exchange were also found in the cultural layer of the three Gorges region during the Xia and Shang dynasties. We can say that shellfish, as a common currency, were recognized by all countries at that time, or that cultural and technological transmission routes already exist. The existence of this cultural exchange route provides conditions for the spread of bronze technology. In the three Gorges area, the ruins in the Xia and Shang dynasties were mostly washed away by the flood on the floodplain and platform of the rivers. The frequent flood can wash away or wash away the objects in the site, and the less bronze ware found in the three Gorges area may also be related to the flood of the Yangtze River.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K876.41

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