【摘要】：甘肅和青海兩地的青銅時(shí)代墓葬中,普遍流行隨葬動(dòng)物的習(xí)俗。本文對(duì)這種習(xí)俗在該地區(qū)的時(shí)空演變過(guò)程作了深入研究。并在此基礎(chǔ)上討論了該習(xí)俗的淵源、發(fā)展過(guò)程、引起該習(xí)俗變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素以及與周邊地區(qū)文化的關(guān)系等問(wèn)題。通過(guò)以上研究表明,甘青地區(qū)隨葬動(dòng)物習(xí)俗的時(shí)空變化主要表現(xiàn)為:從時(shí)間看,隨葬動(dòng)物的種類和數(shù)量較前期增多,隨葬動(dòng)物的方式趨于固定;從空間看,隨葬動(dòng)物的習(xí)俗經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)由河湟地區(qū)向河西走廊、湟水上游、甘肅東北部擴(kuò)散的過(guò)程,隨著空間的變化隨葬動(dòng)物的種類和隨葬方式也隨之變化。甘青地區(qū)自齊家文化開(kāi)始流行隨葬動(dòng)物的習(xí)俗,齊家文化早期的墓葬中流行豬隨葬,晚期的墓葬中羊的數(shù)量增多,豬的數(shù)量減少。齊家文化之后,隨葬動(dòng)物的習(xí)俗開(kāi)始在四壩文化、卡約文化、寺洼文化、沙井文化中盛行。四壩文化早期的墓葬中盛行用羊、豬、馬、狗隨葬,以羊?yàn)橹?豬次之。四壩文化晚期的墓葬中隨葬動(dòng)物的習(xí)俗開(kāi)始衰落�？s文化早期的墓葬中流行犬、牛、羊隨葬,晚期墓葬中流行羊、馬、牛隨葬。寺洼文化早期墓葬中流行羊角隨葬。寺洼文化晚期墓葬中流行用牛、羊、馬和豬,牛的數(shù)量最多,其次為羊、馬和豬。沙井文化早期的墓葬中隨葬動(dòng)物以羊?yàn)橹?豬、馬次之。沙井文化晚期墓葬中盛行以羊、牛、馬隨葬。隨葬動(dòng)物多以動(dòng)物軀體的某一部位隨葬,豬以下頜骨隨葬為主,羊、牛、馬、犬偶見(jiàn)用頭骨隨葬外,主要以下肢骨隨葬為主,偶見(jiàn)用整個(gè)動(dòng)物隨葬。隨葬動(dòng)物的擺放位置有墓內(nèi)填土中、墓內(nèi)二層臺(tái)和墓主人身體一側(cè)。甘青地區(qū)隨葬動(dòng)物的種類經(jīng)歷了由以豬為主向以牛、馬、羊?yàn)橹鞯霓D(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程,可能是甘青地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)方式由農(nóng)業(yè)向半農(nóng)半牧或畜牧業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變導(dǎo)致的。甘青地區(qū)隨葬動(dòng)物的習(xí)俗可能由裴李崗文化舞陽(yáng)賈湖類型墓葬中隨葬動(dòng)物習(xí)俗向西傳播到了仰韶文化中,后經(jīng)仰韶文化傳播到了甘青地區(qū)。通過(guò)隨葬品和葬俗的比較發(fā)現(xiàn),甘青地區(qū)與中原地區(qū)、內(nèi)蒙古中南部、新疆東部地區(qū)有著較為密切的文化聯(lián)系。
[Abstract]:In the Bronze Age tombs of Gansu and Qinghai, the custom of funerary animals was prevalent. This paper makes an in-depth study of the temporal and spatial evolution of this custom in this area. On this basis, the origin and development process of the custom, the economic factors causing the change of the custom and the relationship between the customs and the culture in the surrounding areas are discussed. The results show that the temporal and spatial changes of animal mores in Gansu and Qing areas are as follows: from the time perspective, the species and number of animals are increasing, and the modus operandi of burial animals tends to be fixed; from the space point of view, The practice of funerary animals experienced a process of spreading from Hehuang area to Hexi Corridor, the upper reaches of Huangshui River and the northeast of Gansu Province. With the change of space, the species of animals and the way of burial also changed. The customs of animal burial began to be popular in Ganqing area since Qijia culture. Pig burial was popular in early Qijia culture, and the number of sheep increased and the number of pigs decreased in late tombs. After Qijia culture, the custom of animal burial began to prevail in Siba culture, Kayo culture, Siwa culture and manhole culture. Sheep, pigs, horses and dogs were popular in the early tombs of Siba culture, mainly sheep, followed by pigs. The custom of burying animals in late Siba tombs began to decline. Dogs, cattle and sheep were popular in early Kayo tombs, and sheep, horses and cattle were popular in late tombs. Siwa culture in the early tombs popular funerary Yangjiao. Cattle, sheep, horses and pigs were the most popular in the late period of Siwa culture, followed by sheep, horses and pigs. In the early tombs of Shajing culture, sheep was the main burial animal, followed by pigs and horses. Sheep, cattle and horses are popular in the late stage of manhole culture. Most of the funerary animals were buried in a certain part of the animal body, the pig was mainly buried with the mandible, the sheep, cattle, horse and dog were buried with the skull, mainly with the lower limb bone, and occasionally with the whole animal. Burial animals are placed in the tomb, the second floor and the body side of the tomb owner. The variety of animals buried in Gansu and Qing areas has undergone a process of transformation from pig to cattle, horse and sheep, which may be caused by the transformation of economic production mode from agriculture to semi-agriculture and semi-grazing or animal husbandry in Gansu and Qing areas. The practice of animal burial in Ganqing area may have been spread westward to Yangshao culture from Peligang culture to Jia-Hu tomb, and then to Ganqing area through Yangshao culture. Through the comparison of funerary objects and burial customs, it is found that there are close cultural ties between Ganqing and Central Plains, central and southern Inner Mongolia, and eastern Xinjiang.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K878.8;K892.22

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