秦漢時期的喪葬研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-16 18:10
【摘要】： 喪葬作為一種文化現(xiàn)象是伴隨著人類社會的進步而產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的,它不僅是人們表達哀痛的一種儀式,而且還是反映一定歷史時期社會文化生活的一面鏡子。首先,喪葬反映了當(dāng)時社會生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展水平,進而反映了當(dāng)時的社會制度,具有鮮明的時代性;其次,喪葬的產(chǎn)生與當(dāng)時人們的生死觀念有密切關(guān)系,并總是在繼承傳統(tǒng)生死觀念的基礎(chǔ)上不斷創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展的,因此喪葬也具有傳承性的特點;最后,由于各地的民風(fēng)民俗不盡相同,他們處理喪葬的方式和對待喪葬的態(tài)度也就不同,因此喪葬也具有明顯的地域性。 秦漢時期作為封建社會的初創(chuàng)時期,生產(chǎn)力水平較以前有了很大的提高,有關(guān)封建社會的一系列制度也開始創(chuàng)建,喪葬制度也在繼承以前制度的基礎(chǔ)上有了新發(fā)展。在此時期喪葬有了整套適應(yīng)封建倫理綱常的陵寢制度和喪葬禮儀。通過對秦漢時期喪葬的墓室形制與墓地、隨葬品、喪葬禮儀、生死觀、盜墓等五個方面的論述和研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)秦漢時期的喪葬制度是對當(dāng)時封建社會的生產(chǎn)力水平、等級秩序和思想觀念的反映和維護。第一,秦漢時期墓室形制經(jīng)歷了由土坑墓到土洞墓、畫像石墓、畫像磚墓最后到多室墓的演變軌跡,同時還伴隨著石碑、石柱、墓闕和石料建筑的出現(xiàn),這些都反映了當(dāng)時生產(chǎn)工具的改進和生產(chǎn)力水平的提高。第二,秦漢時期隨葬品的多寡、厚葬的盛行、明器制度的確立以及喪葬禮儀的規(guī)定,明顯地體現(xiàn)著封建社會的倫理綱常和等級秩序,這對后世的喪葬禮儀也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。第三,在生死觀方面,秦漢時期的人們開始對生產(chǎn)生強烈的渴望。秦時這種對生的渴望只是體現(xiàn)在社會上層,而到了漢代開始世俗化,整個社會都表現(xiàn)出了對生的強烈渴望,從而導(dǎo)致了漢代人們對于長生不老的追求,這也就為漢末道教的產(chǎn)生奠定了濃厚的思想基礎(chǔ)和社會氛圍。最后,盜墓作為一種伴隨喪葬產(chǎn)生的社會現(xiàn)象對當(dāng)時的喪葬制度也產(chǎn)生了一定的影響,這除了統(tǒng)治者針對盜墓制定的懲罰規(guī)定外,更主要體現(xiàn)在反盜墓技術(shù)的發(fā)展、隨葬品模型的替代和薄葬觀念的發(fā)展等等,這也在一定程度上反映了秦漢時期科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人們生活水平的提高。 總之,秦漢時期的喪葬是對當(dāng)時經(jīng)濟、政治、文化和生活各方面的一定反映。本研究通過對秦漢時期喪葬制度五方面的拙述,使人們對該時期的喪葬有一個直觀、感性的認(rèn)識,進而能了解秦漢時期的一些社會生活、等級秩序和思想觀念等內(nèi)容,也會對現(xiàn)代的喪葬制度發(fā)生思考;同時期待著更多學(xué)者和專家關(guān)于秦漢時期喪葬研究碩果的問世。
[Abstract]:As a cultural phenomenon, funeral comes into being and develops with the progress of human society. It is not only a ceremony for people to express their grief, but also a mirror reflecting the social and cultural life in a certain historical period. First, the funeral reflects the level of development of the social productive forces at that time, and then reflects the social system at that time, which has a distinct epoch. Secondly, the birth of the funeral is closely related to the concept of life and death of the people at that time. And always inherits the traditional concept of life and death on the basis of continuous innovation and development, so funeral also has the characteristics of inheritance; finally, because the local folk customs are not the same, Their ways of handling funeral and their attitude towards funeral are different, so funeral has obvious regional character. As the beginning of feudal society in Qin and Han dynasties, the level of productivity has been greatly improved, a series of systems about feudal society have also been established, and the funeral system has also developed on the basis of inheriting the former system. In this period, funeral had a whole set of tomb system and funeral etiquette adapted to feudal ethics. Through the discussion and research on the tomb shape and the graveyard, burial objects, funeral etiquette, outlook on life and death and tomb theft in Qin and Han dynasties, we find that the funeral system in Qin and Han dynasties is the productivity level of feudal society at that time. The reflection and maintenance of hierarchical order and ideology. First, during the Qin and Han dynasties, the tomb shape experienced the evolution from the tomb of earth pit to the tomb of earth cave, the tomb of stone and the tomb of portrait brick, and the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building, at the same time, it was accompanied by the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building. These all reflected the improvement of production tool and productivity level at that time. Second, the number of burial objects in Qin and Han dynasties, the prevalence of heavy burial, the establishment of Ming Dynasty system and the regulations of funeral etiquette obviously reflected the ethical principles and hierarchical order of feudal society, which also had a profound impact on the funeral etiquette of later generations. Third, in the view of life and death, Qin and Han Dynasty people began to have a strong desire for life. This kind of desire for life in Qin Dynasty was only reflected in the upper level of society, but by the beginning of the secularization of the Han Dynasty, the whole society showed a strong desire for life, which led to the pursuit of immortality in the Han Dynasty. This also laid a strong ideological foundation and social atmosphere for the emergence of Taoism in the late Han Dynasty. Finally, tomb theft, as a social phenomenon accompanied by funeral, also had a certain impact on the funeral system at that time, which was mainly reflected in the development of anti-grave-robbing technology besides the punishment regulations formulated by the rulers for tomb theft. The replacement of funerary models and the development of the concept of funerary, to a certain extent, also reflected the development of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards in the Qin and Han dynasties. In a word, the funeral in Qin and Han dynasties was a reflection of economy, politics, culture and life. Through the brief description of the funeral system in the Qin and Han dynasties, this study makes people have an intuitive and perceptual understanding of the funeral in that period, and then can understand the social life, hierarchical order and ideology of the Qin and Han dynasties. At the same time, more scholars and experts are looking forward to the coming out of funeral research in Qin and Han dynasties.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K878.8
本文編號：2275210
[Abstract]:As a cultural phenomenon, funeral comes into being and develops with the progress of human society. It is not only a ceremony for people to express their grief, but also a mirror reflecting the social and cultural life in a certain historical period. First, the funeral reflects the level of development of the social productive forces at that time, and then reflects the social system at that time, which has a distinct epoch. Secondly, the birth of the funeral is closely related to the concept of life and death of the people at that time. And always inherits the traditional concept of life and death on the basis of continuous innovation and development, so funeral also has the characteristics of inheritance; finally, because the local folk customs are not the same, Their ways of handling funeral and their attitude towards funeral are different, so funeral has obvious regional character. As the beginning of feudal society in Qin and Han dynasties, the level of productivity has been greatly improved, a series of systems about feudal society have also been established, and the funeral system has also developed on the basis of inheriting the former system. In this period, funeral had a whole set of tomb system and funeral etiquette adapted to feudal ethics. Through the discussion and research on the tomb shape and the graveyard, burial objects, funeral etiquette, outlook on life and death and tomb theft in Qin and Han dynasties, we find that the funeral system in Qin and Han dynasties is the productivity level of feudal society at that time. The reflection and maintenance of hierarchical order and ideology. First, during the Qin and Han dynasties, the tomb shape experienced the evolution from the tomb of earth pit to the tomb of earth cave, the tomb of stone and the tomb of portrait brick, and the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building, at the same time, it was accompanied by the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building. These all reflected the improvement of production tool and productivity level at that time. Second, the number of burial objects in Qin and Han dynasties, the prevalence of heavy burial, the establishment of Ming Dynasty system and the regulations of funeral etiquette obviously reflected the ethical principles and hierarchical order of feudal society, which also had a profound impact on the funeral etiquette of later generations. Third, in the view of life and death, Qin and Han Dynasty people began to have a strong desire for life. This kind of desire for life in Qin Dynasty was only reflected in the upper level of society, but by the beginning of the secularization of the Han Dynasty, the whole society showed a strong desire for life, which led to the pursuit of immortality in the Han Dynasty. This also laid a strong ideological foundation and social atmosphere for the emergence of Taoism in the late Han Dynasty. Finally, tomb theft, as a social phenomenon accompanied by funeral, also had a certain impact on the funeral system at that time, which was mainly reflected in the development of anti-grave-robbing technology besides the punishment regulations formulated by the rulers for tomb theft. The replacement of funerary models and the development of the concept of funerary, to a certain extent, also reflected the development of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards in the Qin and Han dynasties. In a word, the funeral in Qin and Han dynasties was a reflection of economy, politics, culture and life. Through the brief description of the funeral system in the Qin and Han dynasties, this study makes people have an intuitive and perceptual understanding of the funeral in that period, and then can understand the social life, hierarchical order and ideology of the Qin and Han dynasties. At the same time, more scholars and experts are looking forward to the coming out of funeral research in Qin and Han dynasties.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K878.8
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 周津任;西安地區(qū)西漢墓隨葬品位置擺放研究[D];南京大學(xué);2012年
，本文編號：2275210
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