泥河灣侯家窯—和堯莊遺址區(qū)古河流及其環(huán)境考古意義
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-13 19:33
【摘要】：侯家窯遺址與和堯莊遺址作為我國舊石器中期重要的古人類遺址,在東方人類起源、古人類演化和舊石器文化發(fā)展等研究中起著承前啟后的作用。盡管侯家窯遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)至今已有40余年,但有關(guān)侯家窯古人類遺存的埋藏年代及地層特征、生存環(huán)境等問題尚未統(tǒng)一認識,而關(guān)于和堯莊遺址各方面研究均屬空白。本文在前期侯家窯遺址附近古河流研究工作的基礎(chǔ)上,依托河北省“東方人類探源工程—泥河灣人類起源、環(huán)境及地質(zhì)背景研究”項目(13277611D),通過8次野外地質(zhì)地貌考察、地磁測量、電阻率測深和高程測量等一系列深入階段的工作,繼續(xù)追蹤了侯家窯—和堯莊遺址區(qū)古河流的南延方向、規(guī)模和空間分布特征,并對遺址區(qū)古人類生存的自然地理環(huán)境進行了研究,同時重點探討了遺址區(qū)古河流的發(fā)育狀況及其與古人類生存年代、生存環(huán)境的關(guān)系。研究結(jié)論如下：(1)在中更新世的晚期,侯家窯—和堯莊遺址區(qū)發(fā)育了一條源于北部熊耳山區(qū)的古河流。該河流在遺址區(qū)內(nèi)呈北北西—南南東方向延伸,流向南南東,區(qū)內(nèi)主河流最大寬度約1 km,流域?qū)挾瘸^1.5 km。古河流的形成始于距今24萬年前的泥河灣古湖快速大規(guī)模退縮時期,到晚更新世初被大規(guī)模沖洪積物掩埋后消亡,其發(fā)育歷史跨越了侯家窯—和堯莊一帶古人類生存的整個時期。(2)在古河流發(fā)育時期,侯家窯—和堯莊遺址區(qū)的古地貌形態(tài)總體向南傾斜,海拔高度在920～960 m之間,比降約1/90。主河道河床向南南東方向緩傾,遺址區(qū)內(nèi)上游侯家窯遺址附近河段比降約1/60,下游和堯莊遺址附近河段比降減小,僅有1/120。古河道沉積結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜：從平面上看,不僅分支河道或分支溝谷較多,而且還有寬淺的河灣(沼澤)以及古河道截彎取直遺留的牛軛湖(沼澤)；在垂向上,古河道的橫剖面形態(tài)呈岸坡陡峻、河床寬緩的槽型。在沉積類型上,有二元結(jié)構(gòu)清楚的河漫灘相、河床相沉積,也有河灣(沼澤)相和牛軛湖(沼澤)相沉積等。(3)侯家窯遺址與和堯莊遺址的古人類遺存埋藏于古河流相沉積層及臨近古河流并與之同期的殘積相壤化粘土層,說明侯家窯—和堯莊遺址區(qū)的古人類并非倚湖而居,是倚河而居,但此河發(fā)育在中更新世晚期—晚更新世初,而非目前所見的梨益溝。兩遺址相距僅3 km,且古文化遺存埋藏層位相當(dāng),只是埋藏的古河流地貌不同,也表明兩處古文化遺存系同時代人擬或同一群人所為。(4)本文對遺址區(qū)沉積地層序列的研究和他人對古文化層的年代測定結(jié)果具有較好的一致性,即：古人類在侯家窯—和堯莊遺址區(qū)生存的地質(zhì)年代為中更新世晚期—晚更新世初,階段年限約在22萬年至16萬年之間,為6萬年左右。(5)古河流發(fā)育期間,不僅為眾多的動植物提供了良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境,其不同河段的地貌特征更為古人類創(chuàng)造了優(yōu)越的狩獵場所：遺址區(qū)發(fā)育的古河流絕大多地段的河床是以松軟的泥河灣湖相砂泥質(zhì)沉積層為基礎(chǔ),其極易侵蝕的特點,使古河流砂泥質(zhì)含量增高,從而變得渾濁；但在侯家窯遺址一帶的牛軛湖(沼澤)區(qū)域和和堯莊遺址附近的河灣(沼澤)區(qū)域,流速緩慢的水流使泥沙得以充分沉淀,水質(zhì)清澈,又有繁盛的植物生長,因此遺址區(qū)既是眾多動物匯集覓食和飲水之地,也是古人類有利的狩獵之地。古河流的存在對侯家窯—和堯莊遺址區(qū)古人類的生存繁衍具有重大意義。(6)雖然侯家窯一和堯莊遺址區(qū)的古人類生活在寒冷的氣候背景下,但遺址區(qū)所處的山坳朝向東南、形如圈椅,那里不僅風(fēng)和日麗,而且流水潺潺,又不乏用來制作石器的優(yōu)質(zhì)材料,生存環(huán)境遠較其他地區(qū)優(yōu)越。這對于生活在生產(chǎn)力水平低下的舊石器時代的古人類來講,在那里倚河而居不能不說是一種必然的選擇。
[Abstract]:Houjiayao Site and Heyaozhuang Site, as important paleoanthropological sites in the Middle Paleolithic Age of China, play a connecting role in the study of Oriental human origin, paleoanthropological evolution and Paleolithic cultural development. On the basis of the previous study of ancient rivers near Houjiayao site, this paper relies on the project of "Oriental Human Source Exploration Project - Study of Human Origin, Environment and Geological Background in Nihewan" (13277611D), Hebei Province, through eight times of field geology. Geomorphological investigation, geomagnetic survey, resistivity sounding and elevation survey have been carried out in a series of in-depth stages. The southward extension direction, scale and spatial distribution characteristics of ancient rivers in Houjiayao-Hoyaozhuang ruins area have been traced, and the natural and geographical environment for the survival of ancient human beings in the ruins area has been studied. The research results are as follows: (1) In the late Middle Pleistocene, an ancient river originating from the northern Xionger Mountains was developed in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang site area. The River extends from NNW-SEE to SEE, and flows to SEE with the largest width of the main river in the area. The formation of the ancient rivers began in the rapid and large-scale retreat of the Nihewan ancient lake 240,000 years ago, and disappeared after being buried by large-scale alluvial and diluvial materials in the early Late Pleistocene. The development history of the ancient rivers spanned the entire period of human existence in Houjiayao-Yaozhuang area. (2) In the period of the development of the ancient rivers, Houjia The palaeogeomorphology of Yao-He Yaozhuang site generally inclines southward with an altitude of 920-960 m and a specific drop of about 1/90. The main channel bed inclines gently southward and southward eastward. The specific drop of the upper reaches near Houjiayao site is about 1/60, and that of the lower reaches near Yaozhuang site is only 1/120. On the plane, there are not only many branching channels or branching valleys, but also wide and shallow bays (swamps) and Oxbow lakes (swamps) left over by the bending of ancient rivers; vertically, the transverse section of ancient rivers is characterized by steep bank slopes and wide channel beds. There are fluvial (swampy) facies and oxbow lake (swampy) facies deposits and so on. (3) Houjiayao site and Yaozhuang site of the ancient human remains buried in the paleofluvial sedimentary layer and adjacent to the ancient river and the residual facies of the same period of clay layer, indicating that the Houjiayao-and Yaozhuang site area of the ancient human beings do not live on the lake, but live on the river, but the river developed in this area. From late Middle Pleistocene to early Late Pleistocene, the two sites are only 3 km apart, and the burial horizons of the ancient cultural relics are the same, but the buried River landforms are different, which also indicates that the two ancient cultural relics were imitated or acted by the same group of people at the same time. (4) This paper studies the sedimentary stratigraphic sequence of the site area and other people's research on the ancient cultural relics. The dating results of the cultural layers are in good agreement, that is, the geological age of the ancient man in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang ruins area is from the late Middle Pleistocene to the early Late Pleistocene, and the period is between 220,000 and 160,000 years, providing good life for many animals and plants during the development of the ancient rivers. The riverbed of most of the ancient rivers in the ruins area is based on the soft muddy Bay lacustrine sandy muddy sediments, which are easily eroded, so that the sand and muddy content of the ancient rivers increases and becomes turbid. In the Niuyo Lake (swamp) area and the river bay (swamp) area near the Yaozhuang ruins, the slow-flowing water makes the sediment deposited sufficiently, the water quality is clear, and the plants grow flourishingly. Therefore, the ruins area is not only a place for many animals to gather for food and drinking, but also a place for hunting. The existence of ancient rivers is beneficial to Houjiayao. The survival and reproduction of the ancient humans in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang ruins area is of great significance. (6) Although the ancient humans in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang ruins area lived in a cold climate background, the mountain depression in the ruins area faces southeast like a circle chair. It is not only windy and sunny, but also has flowing water, and there is no lack of high-quality materials for making stone implements. It is a natural choice for Paleolithic humans living in low productivity areas to live by rivers.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K878
本文編號：2181966
[Abstract]:Houjiayao Site and Heyaozhuang Site, as important paleoanthropological sites in the Middle Paleolithic Age of China, play a connecting role in the study of Oriental human origin, paleoanthropological evolution and Paleolithic cultural development. On the basis of the previous study of ancient rivers near Houjiayao site, this paper relies on the project of "Oriental Human Source Exploration Project - Study of Human Origin, Environment and Geological Background in Nihewan" (13277611D), Hebei Province, through eight times of field geology. Geomorphological investigation, geomagnetic survey, resistivity sounding and elevation survey have been carried out in a series of in-depth stages. The southward extension direction, scale and spatial distribution characteristics of ancient rivers in Houjiayao-Hoyaozhuang ruins area have been traced, and the natural and geographical environment for the survival of ancient human beings in the ruins area has been studied. The research results are as follows: (1) In the late Middle Pleistocene, an ancient river originating from the northern Xionger Mountains was developed in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang site area. The River extends from NNW-SEE to SEE, and flows to SEE with the largest width of the main river in the area. The formation of the ancient rivers began in the rapid and large-scale retreat of the Nihewan ancient lake 240,000 years ago, and disappeared after being buried by large-scale alluvial and diluvial materials in the early Late Pleistocene. The development history of the ancient rivers spanned the entire period of human existence in Houjiayao-Yaozhuang area. (2) In the period of the development of the ancient rivers, Houjia The palaeogeomorphology of Yao-He Yaozhuang site generally inclines southward with an altitude of 920-960 m and a specific drop of about 1/90. The main channel bed inclines gently southward and southward eastward. The specific drop of the upper reaches near Houjiayao site is about 1/60, and that of the lower reaches near Yaozhuang site is only 1/120. On the plane, there are not only many branching channels or branching valleys, but also wide and shallow bays (swamps) and Oxbow lakes (swamps) left over by the bending of ancient rivers; vertically, the transverse section of ancient rivers is characterized by steep bank slopes and wide channel beds. There are fluvial (swampy) facies and oxbow lake (swampy) facies deposits and so on. (3) Houjiayao site and Yaozhuang site of the ancient human remains buried in the paleofluvial sedimentary layer and adjacent to the ancient river and the residual facies of the same period of clay layer, indicating that the Houjiayao-and Yaozhuang site area of the ancient human beings do not live on the lake, but live on the river, but the river developed in this area. From late Middle Pleistocene to early Late Pleistocene, the two sites are only 3 km apart, and the burial horizons of the ancient cultural relics are the same, but the buried River landforms are different, which also indicates that the two ancient cultural relics were imitated or acted by the same group of people at the same time. (4) This paper studies the sedimentary stratigraphic sequence of the site area and other people's research on the ancient cultural relics. The dating results of the cultural layers are in good agreement, that is, the geological age of the ancient man in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang ruins area is from the late Middle Pleistocene to the early Late Pleistocene, and the period is between 220,000 and 160,000 years, providing good life for many animals and plants during the development of the ancient rivers. The riverbed of most of the ancient rivers in the ruins area is based on the soft muddy Bay lacustrine sandy muddy sediments, which are easily eroded, so that the sand and muddy content of the ancient rivers increases and becomes turbid. In the Niuyo Lake (swamp) area and the river bay (swamp) area near the Yaozhuang ruins, the slow-flowing water makes the sediment deposited sufficiently, the water quality is clear, and the plants grow flourishingly. Therefore, the ruins area is not only a place for many animals to gather for food and drinking, but also a place for hunting. The existence of ancient rivers is beneficial to Houjiayao. The survival and reproduction of the ancient humans in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang ruins area is of great significance. (6) Although the ancient humans in the Houjiayao-Yaozhuang ruins area lived in a cold climate background, the mountain depression in the ruins area faces southeast like a circle chair. It is not only windy and sunny, but also has flowing water, and there is no lack of high-quality materials for making stone implements. It is a natural choice for Paleolithic humans living in low productivity areas to live by rivers.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K878
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