本文選題：甲骨文 + 卜辭　； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 商代是中國(guó)古代文明發(fā)展史上重要的歷史時(shí)期,它上承虞夏,下啟兩周。此時(shí)所形成的禮儀制度對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了巨大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響,周禮通過(guò)對(duì)其因襲損益而終至煌煌,從而開(kāi)啟了璀璨的禮樂(lè)文明,一舉奠定了“禮儀之邦”的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。 本文通過(guò)對(duì)殷墟甲骨文字以及相關(guān)卜辭材料的具體分析、歸納與研究,結(jié)合禮學(xué)文獻(xiàn)資料、金文與考古材料,運(yùn)用“二重證據(jù)法”的研究方法,對(duì)卜辭中的所含的殷禮進(jìn)行了一定程度地探索與挖掘。主要內(nèi)容包括商代軍事征戰(zhàn)時(shí)的軍禮、商王的巡狩之禮、商人的王后婚姻禮儀和埋葬制度、商王與諸侯臣屬之間的朝聘之禮、商代祭祀帝神和四方之神的禮儀等。 一、商代的軍禮。經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)甲骨卜辭中與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)有關(guān)的卜辭記錄的梳理與研究,較為系統(tǒng)地挖掘了商代的軍事禮儀制度,即告廟與謀伐、選將和命將、遷廟主與立軍社、立中與乞師、振旅與剱狩、獻(xiàn)捷和獻(xiàn)俘。研究表明,商代軍禮內(nèi)容豐富,儀程較為完善,祖先崇拜貫穿戰(zhàn)事始終。后世的軍禮于商代大部分肇始并有明顯的繼承關(guān)系。 二、商代的巡守禮。甲骨文字“省”“(?)”等字即是商王巡狩的記錄。當(dāng)時(shí)巡狩的對(duì)象主要為軍事重地、四方邊邑侯國(guó)以及軍事征伐、農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)等事。具體的禮儀有占卜、告祭神祖、遷主隨行、祭祀河岳、祭祖報(bào)功等。同時(shí)具有自己的特點(diǎn),如巡狩時(shí)間上隨機(jī)而頻繁、巡狩的軍事征伐意義仍然占據(jù)重要地位,但行政內(nèi)容已含在其中,并出現(xiàn)了經(jīng)商王指令、由親信大臣代王出巡的特使制度等。 三、商代的品立王后禮。從甲骨文中的王后小(?)去世及其喪事一事研究入手,發(fā)現(xiàn)商王品立新的王后存在內(nèi)選制和外品制,商王法定配偶即使擁有同一名號(hào),其中也存在著高低等級(jí)的不同,而與強(qiáng)大的外族方國(guó)相互聯(lián)姻,則體現(xiàn)了加強(qiáng)政治聯(lián)盟方面的需要。這也是當(dāng)時(shí)政治生活的一大特色和王室婚姻制度的一種重要構(gòu)成形式。商代王室的婚姻與政治緊密相連,并有一定的禮制約束。 四、商代的朝聘禮。商代的國(guó)體和政體決定了當(dāng)時(shí)必然存在的諸侯、臣屬與商王之間的朝覲與聘問(wèn)的禮儀制度。即諸侯、臣屬以“來(lái)”“至”等形式的朝覲禮、以“供”、“見(jiàn)”、“入”等形式的朝貢禮以及具體的商王迎入之禮、將幣和助祭、賜命饗燕等禮儀。在聘問(wèn)上,則有商王遣使、命使、立使等禮儀以及諸侯遣使聘王等禮。卜辭反映出,當(dāng)時(shí)朝聘的顯然是以商王為中心,但以上聘下的“大聘”非常多見(jiàn)。 五、商代祭帝禮與祭方禮。從甲骨文中所反映的上帝的權(quán)能看,帝確實(shí)是商人心目中的最高神,而非眾神之一。殷人是祭上帝的,卜辭中的“方帝”就是商人祭祀帝神的記錄,而非祭祀方神。就“方”字的本義看,“方帝”實(shí)即周代的“郊”天之禮。商人已有清晰的“四方”及“四方神”觀念,并采取多種方式進(jìn)行祭祀,目的是求年、禳兇、祈福等。商代的方神不是土地神,應(yīng)屬天神系列。商代的四方既有實(shí)體意義,也具有宇宙觀內(nèi)涵。 研究證明：商代并不是無(wú)“禮”可循,而是存在內(nèi)容較為豐富且粗具形制的禮儀制度；殷人十分迷信神鬼,祭祀成為許多禮的表現(xiàn)形式或?qū)嶋H內(nèi)容；禮與當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)家的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、政治制度等密不可分；殷禮對(duì)周禮有很大影響,周禮因于殷禮的記載是可信之論,周禮確實(shí)是在對(duì)殷禮繼承和改造后完善形成的；后世所謂的“五禮”的內(nèi)容,從殷墟甲骨卜辭看,大多可以找到其史影。
[Abstract]:Shang Dynasty is an important historical period in the history of the development of ancient civilization in China . It has exerted great and far - reaching influence on the later generations .



Based on the detailed analysis , induction and research of Yin Ruins and related materials , this paper explores and mining the Yin - li in Shang Dynasty . The main contents include the military ceremony during the military recruitment of Shang Dynasty , the bride price of Shang King , the ceremonial and burial system of the Queen ' s marriage and the burial system , and the ritual of the worship of the Shang Dynasty and the princes , and the manners of the worship of the emperor and the God of the Quartet .



First , the military ceremony of Shang Dynasty . After the combing and research of the inscriptions on the war in the oracle bones , the military etiquette system of the Shang Dynasty was systematically excavated , and the temple and the plot were chosen and ordered . The study showed that the contents of the Shang Dynasty ' s military ceremony were rich , the instrument history was perfect , and the ancestor worship run through the war .



Second , Shang Dynasty ' s tour guard ceremony . The word " province " ( " ) " and so on is the record of the hunting of the Shang King . The object of the tour is mainly military affairs , the four sides of the cities and the military , and the production of the agricultural and animal husbandry . The specific manners include the occupation , the worship of the ancestors , the movement of the main entourage , the sacrifice of the river Yue and the sacrifice of the ancestors , etc . At the same time , it has its own characteristics , such as the random and frequent inspection of the hunting time , and the military occupation of the tour is still important , but the administrative content is already contained therein , and the special envoy system , such as the King ' s instruction of the dealer , and the envoy of the Prince of Prince , etc . appear .



From the study of the death of Queen Xiao ( ? ) in Oracle and its funeral , it is found that the legal spouse of the Shang Dynasty has the same name , and the legal spouse of Shangwang has the same high and low level , and it is an important form of strengthening the political union . It is also a great feature of the political life and an important form of the royal marriage system . The marriage and politics of the royal family in the Shang Dynasty are closely connected with politics and have certain gift constraints .



During the Shang Dynasty , the Shang Dynasty and the Chinese government decided the etiquette system of the pilgrimage between the princes , the ministers and the Shang Dynasty .



5 . It is the gift of the Shang Dynasty to the emperor and the sacrifice . The emperor is indeed the highest god in the merchant ' s mind , not one of the gods . In the sense of the word of the " Fang " , " Fang Di " is the rite of the worship of the emperor and God . The businessman has clear " square " and " square god " concept , and has adopted various ways to sacrifice , the purpose is to seek the year , the evil , the blessing , etc . The Fang God of the Shang Dynasty is not the land God , and it belongs to the Tianshen series . The four sides of the Shang Dynasty have both physical meaning and cosmic view connotation .



The research proves that the Shang Dynasty is not without " ceremony " , but it is rich in content and formal etiquette system ;
Yin people are very confused with gods , offering sacrifices to become the expression or actual content of many rites ;
The ceremony was inseparable from the organization structure and political system of the country .
Yin Li has a great influence on Zhou Li , and Zhou Li is believed to be credible because of the record of Yin and Li , and Zhou Li is indeed formed after the inheritance and transformation of Yin and Lilly ;
The so - called " five - ceremony " content , from Yin Ruins oracle bones , most can find its history .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K877.1

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 楊華;;上古中國(guó)的四方神崇拜和方位巫術(shù)[J];南京師范大學(xué)文學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2011年01期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 張亮;周代聘禮研究[D];吉林大學(xué);2013年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 楊家剛;先秦神主制度研究[D];西北大學(xué);2014年

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本文編號(hào)：2043943