本文選題：廣富林遺址 + 先秦　； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：濕地是一種非常重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng),與人類有非常密切的聯(lián)系。而其特殊的環(huán)境對(duì)于保存環(huán)境信息和考古資料,尤其是植物資料十分有利。通過對(duì)這些資料的研究,我們可以重建過去的環(huán)境,并了解當(dāng)時(shí)的人們與環(huán)境之間的互動(dòng)。本文嘗試以一個(gè)處于濕地環(huán)境的史前遺址——上海廣富林遺址的考古資料為研究對(duì)象,以植物考古方法為主,結(jié)合古環(huán)境學(xué)、歷史學(xué)、民族學(xué)等方面的資料,來探討該遺址先秦時(shí)期(包括良渚文化、錢山漾階段、廣富林文化、周代)的先民對(duì)植物的利用和對(duì)濕地的早期開發(fā)。具體來說,主要討論了廣富林遺址的古環(huán)境、濕地植物類型及利用方式、濕地開發(fā)方式,以及當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)背景信息等。 古環(huán)境方面,廣富林遺址的植硅體顯示該遺址在良渚時(shí)期的氣候溫暖濕潤(rùn),到廣富林文化時(shí)期則向涼干發(fā)展,而周代則延續(xù)了這種趨勢(shì)。但是總體而言,濕地環(huán)境仍是其所處環(huán)境的重要組成部分。 廣富林遺址的濕地植物涵蓋多個(gè)種屬,數(shù)量眾多,且在所有植物中的比例很高。主要包括水稻、菱、芡實(shí)、蘆葦、蓼科、眼子菜科、莎草科等多個(gè)種屬。其中植硅體和植物大遺存均顯示遺址中有大量的水稻,在各時(shí)期均有分布。植物類型在各歷史時(shí)期變化不大,說明在氣候變冷變干的大趨勢(shì)下,植物生長(zhǎng)的小環(huán)境并沒有受到太大的影響。但是在人類的選擇行為下,濕地植物在遺址不同區(qū)域和不同的歷史時(shí)期的分布方式有所不同,水稻、菱、芡實(shí)等植物可能受到人們的種植或鼓勵(lì)。 從遺址中的植物本身的特性以及出土背景來看,廣富林先民對(duì)濕地植物的選擇和利用可能從定居于此時(shí)就已經(jīng)開始,且利用方式十分多樣。主要方式包括食用、修建建筑類設(shè)施、飼用、藥用、編織、釀酒等。食用對(duì)象以水稻為主,且這種主食地位不斷得到加強(qiáng),芡實(shí)、菱等也是主要的補(bǔ)充食物,這些作物的富余部分可能還被用作釀酒或用作飼料；作為建筑材料的植物以竹木、蘆葦為主；多纖維、柔韌性好的濕地植物如蘆葦、叇草等多被用來編織席子、繩索等日常用具；濕地植物的藥用、飼用價(jià)值等雖然缺乏實(shí)物證據(jù),但是存在一定的可能性。 除對(duì)濕地植物的利用外,推測(cè)當(dāng)時(shí)還存在其他的濕地開發(fā)行為。如發(fā)展以水稻種植為主的濕地農(nóng)業(yè),開展水產(chǎn)捕撈和早期水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖,發(fā)展水上交通,建造水利設(shè)施等。此外,濕地可能還在當(dāng)?shù)叵让竦木裥叛龇矫姘缪葜匾巧?此外,文中還對(duì)廣富林遺址各時(shí)期所處社會(huì)背景進(jìn)行了分析。認(rèn)為良渚時(shí)期的廣富林遺址只是一個(gè)處在金字塔型社會(huì)階層底部的小型聚落,聚落的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)組織可能是以血緣為紐帶,凝聚力不高；錢山漾類型和廣富林文化兩個(gè)階段的社會(huì)狀況目前尚不明確,但是廣富林時(shí)期該遺址應(yīng)是受多個(gè)文化因素影響,地位較為重要的聚落,推測(cè)受到較有力的政權(quán)統(tǒng)治的可能性較大；周代時(shí)期廣富林遺址應(yīng)是地方政權(quán)統(tǒng)治下的重要大型聚落,各方面的能力也進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。總體而言,該地區(qū)應(yīng)該沒有受到比較大的自然災(zāi)害、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等外在不利因素的影響,相對(duì)比較穩(wěn)定和安全。
[Abstract]:Wetland is a very important ecosystem, closely related to human beings, and its special environment is very beneficial to the preservation of environmental information and archaeological information, especially plant data. Through the study of these data, we can reconstruct the past environment and understand the interaction between the people and the environment at that time. Based on the archaeological methods of plant archaeology, history and ethnology, the archaeological methods of a prehistoric site in Shanghai, a prehistoric site in the wetland environment, are used to explore the benefits of the ancestors of the site (including Liangzhu culture, Qian Shan Yang stage, Guang Fu Lin culture, Zhou Dai). In the early development of the wetland, the Paleoenvironment of the site of the Guangzhou Fulin, the type and use of wetland plants, the way of wetland development, and the social background information at that time were discussed.
In the paleoenvironment, the plants of the site of Guang Fu Lin showed that the site of the site was warm and humid during the Liangzhu period, and it developed to the cool dry during the Guang Fulin culture period, while Zhou Dai continued this trend. But in general, the wetland environment is still an important part of its environment.
There are many species of wetland plants in the site of Guangzhou Fulin, with a large number and high proportion in all plants. It mainly includes rice, diamond, Euryale ferox, reed, Polygonum, ophthalamalfamily, and sedge. Among them, large amounts of rice in the site are found in all the sites. There is little change in history, indicating that the small environment of plant growth has not been greatly influenced by the trend of cold and dry climate. But under human choice behavior, the distribution patterns of wetland plants in different areas and different historical periods are different, rice, diamond, Euryale ferox and other plants may be planted or drums by people. Encourage.
From the characteristics of the plant itself and the unearthed background of the site, the selection and utilization of the plants of the wetland plants may have begun at this time, and the ways of utilization are very diverse. The main ways are to eat, build building facilities, feed, medicinal, weave, and make wine. The main food is rice, and this staple food is the main food. Its status has been strengthened. Euryale ferox, chestnut, etc. are also the main supplement food, and the surplus parts of these crops may also be used as brewery or as forage; the plants used as building materials are bamboo and reed; multi fiber, flexible wetland plants, such as reeds, etc., are used to weave mats, ropes, and other daily utensils; wetlands. Although there is lack of physical evidence for the medicinal and feeding value of plants, there is a certain possibility.
In addition to the use of wetland plants, it is speculated that there are other wetland development behaviors, such as the development of wetland agriculture based on rice planting, fisheries fishing and early aquaculture, development of water transportation and construction of water conservancy facilities. In addition, wetlands may also play an important role in the spiritual belief of the local ancestors.
In addition, the article also analyzes the social background of the ruins of the Guangzhou Fu Lin site. It is considered that the site of the Guang Fu Lin site in the Liangzhu period is only a small settlement at the bottom of the social stratum of Pyramid type. The leading organization of the settlement may be a link of blood ties and not high cohesion; the society of two stages of Qian Shan Yang and Guang Fu Lin culture The situation is not yet clear, but the site should be influenced by many cultural factors and a more important settlement in the period of the Guangzhou Fulin. It is presumed that the possibility of a stronger regime is more likely. The ruins of the Zhou Dai period should be an important large settlement under the rule of the local regime, and the ability of all aspects to be further strengthened. The area should not be subjected to relatively large natural disasters, and the impact of external factors such as war is relatively stable and safe.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：K878;Q914

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