本文選題：漢 + 魏晉南北朝��； 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：拜官版也被稱作除書、告身,與今天的委任狀大略相當(dāng),是歷代官文書中一個比較偏僻的門類,文獻記載瑣碎、分散,早期的相關(guān)實物極為罕見且遲至近幾十年才被甄別出來,因此專門的研究罕有學(xué)者問津。《金雞梁所出木牘、封檢及相關(guān)問題研究》以金雞梁出土的拜官版和封檢為線索,匯集物證,勾稽史料,在前人成果的基礎(chǔ)上,對相關(guān)的文物制度、歷史問題進行了探討。 論文的上編嘗試提出了以下意見： 1、“版授”一詞出現(xiàn)的時間較早,但具有特殊含義的“版授”概念卻要晚到兩晉之交或東晉初才出現(xiàn),并且限于江左南方使用,這與其時皇權(quán)相對衰落密切相關(guān)。拜官版并不專屬于這類“版授”,而是漢至南北朝各等級授官通用的文書載體。 2、相對于書寫用紙的普及,拜官版被紙本告身取代的時間要晚到南北朝末,且南北方不應(yīng)同步。滯后的原因可能與“木主于敬”的觀念長期流行有關(guān)。 3、盡管拜官版或告身由尚書省或功曹等幾構(gòu)發(fā)放,但授職行為就形式而言還應(yīng)是當(dāng)權(quán)者個人意志的體現(xiàn)。因此,就中央封拜而言還須另配冊書、制書等天子文書,地方上則離不開最高行政官長的教文。盡管有時被混稱為除書,但實際上這些文書各具實際功能。 4、歷代中央除拜,不同等級對應(yīng)配發(fā)不同的天子文書,它們的形式隨時代和制度的變遷而流轉(zhuǎn)。 5、魏晉南北朝時期拜官版的名稱繁多,有時也被叫作“尚書(?)”,這意味著“敕”字的禁忌須當(dāng)回歸顧炎武的觀點,即它是南北朝晚期才首先在北方出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象。梳理文獻和出土物,這樣的證據(jù)確能找到。 中編關(guān)注的核心是拜官版的法定長度,最終的結(jié)論否定了宋人程大昌的一尺二寸說。通常拜官用版分為兩等,地方任署少吏使用一尺版,尺一版則通行于中央除拜、“版授”高官以及地方察舉。雖然討論的是拜官版的長度,但結(jié)論卻是借助于金雞梁出土的趙清行檢得出的。 1、迄今出土的拜官版都是冥器抄件,不足以作為判定正本長度的依據(jù)。 2、文獻顯示,征召版檄也有封檢；趙清行檢應(yīng)是其例。 3、通過出土封檢的統(tǒng)一分類,在區(qū)分文書檢和實物檢的基礎(chǔ)上,進一步將文書檢區(qū)劃定為兩大類,一類用于封禁于書囊、篋笥之外,尺寸往往較短；另一類直接附著于底牘之上,尺寸較長。后一類就是文獻中的稱作“函封”,與底牘相合,可稱“書函”或“函書”。趙清行檢應(yīng)歸入后者。函書的形式自成演變序列,隨著該用來封禁紙本文書,逐步小型化,進而發(fā)展成今天的紙信封。盛奩文書的篋、笥、匱,則可能是后代盛書函匣的前身。 4、在可查到數(shù)據(jù)的出土實物中,采用“函書”或“書函”形式的普通官文書長度為一尺,而趙清行檢卻長達尺一。因其用于封禁地方辟舉的版檄,這也就為拜官版的法定長度提供了實證。 5、雖然外在形式無別,但有一部分封檢實應(yīng)歸入“傳”的范疇。“傳”作為人員旅行、物品輸遞的通行證,其實物形態(tài)一直存在爭議。在封檢分類過程中,意外地甄別出了一組人員用“傳”的實物。人員用傳一般采用露布形式,且地方軍事系統(tǒng)發(fā)放者多有用觚的實例。用以遞送文書、實物的“傳”,其主體其實就由文書檢和實物檢構(gòu)成,只是多數(shù)情況下還需背靠背地綁上一枚“緘”,以標(biāo)明傳遞方式。 論文的下編,利用金雞梁等地出土的前涼拜官版重新考定了李柏文書的年代,將它的寫作時間由東晉提前到了西晉晚期。論證過程中,還附帶提出了以下見解： 1、前涼最高級別的官文書稱“令”不稱“詔”,其最高行政機構(gòu)除了張祚僭偽時外,也始終是上公府或太府,左右長史、司馬通常在其中充當(dāng)重要角色。 2、與李柏文書年代密切的出土地問題,應(yīng)當(dāng)維持發(fā)現(xiàn)者本人的意見。至于LK出土說的一個重要來源——LA遺址非樓蘭說,實由于王國維先生用錯了地圖才提出的。
[Abstract]:The official edition, also known as a book, is also known as a book, and is roughly equivalent to today's mandate. It is a relatively remote category in the official literary books of the past dynasties. The literature is trivial and scattered. The early related objects are very rare and have been identified late to the last few decades. On the basis of the achievements of the predecessors, the article discusses the related cultural relics and historical problems on the basis of the achievements of the predecessors.
The following comments are made by the last part of the paper:
1, the word "edition" appeared earlier, but the concept of "edition" with special meaning was late to the turn of the Jin Dynasty or the early East Jin Dynasty, and was limited to the southern use in the south of the river. It was closely related to the relative decline of imperial power. Carrier.
2, compared to the popularization of writing paper, the time for the official version of the official edition to be replaced by the paper is late to the end of the north and the south, and the north and South should not be synchronized. The reason for the lag may be related to the long-term popularity of the concept of "wood owner to respect".
3, in spite of the official version of the official version or a number of structures issued by the province of Shang Shu or the Gong Cao, the act of service should also be the embodiment of the individual's will of the authority. Therefore, the central seal of worship requires another book, a book, and so on. Some of the documents have their own practical functions.
4, in the past dynasties, the central authorities had allocated different emperors' documents in different levels, but their forms changed with the changes of the times and systems.
5, the name of the official version of the official edition in the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties is sometimes called "Shang Shu (?)", which means that the taboo of the word "edict" must be returned to Gu Yanwu, that is, it is the first phenomenon in the north and the north of the northern and Southern Dynasties.
The core of the central editor's attention is the legal length of the official version of the official edition, and the final conclusion denies the one foot two inch of Cheng Dachang, which is usually divided into two. Zhao Qinghang was found to help the Juns beam unearthed.
1, so far the unofficial version of the official script is a copy of the Bible, which is not enough to judge the length of the original.
2, the literature shows that there are also seals for the call page, and Zhao Qinghang should be the case.
3, through the unified classification of unearthed seal inspection, the Wen Shujian area is delimited as two categories on the basis of the district division Book Inspection and the physical examination. One is used to seal the ban on the book bag and the size is often short; the other is attached directly to the wooden slips and the size is longer. The latter category is called the "letter seal" in the literature, which is compatible with the wooden slips. It is called "book letter" or "letter". Zhao Qinghang's inspection should be classified as the latter. The form of the letter is from the evolvement sequence, which is gradually miniaturized and then developed into today's paper envelope.
4, in the unearthed objects in which the data can be found, the ordinary official book in the form of "letter" or "letter" is one foot in length, while Zhao Qinghang examines the length of a ruler.
5, although there are no different forms of external form, there are some seals which should be classified into the category of "biography". "Biography", as a person's travel, a pass of goods delivery, has always been controversial. In the process of classification, a group of personnel used to use "biography" is accidentally identified. In order to deliver documents and the "transmission" of the objects, the main body is actually made up of document inspection and physical inspection. In most cases, it is necessary to bind a "Silence" to the back to back to indicate the way of delivery.
In the next part of the paper, the age of Li Bai Wen was reconfirmed by the pre cool official edition of the unearthed land of Jinji Liang, and the time of his writing was advanced from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the late Western Jin Dynasty.
1, the official document of the highest level in the front of the cool front is called "order" not to be called "imperial edict", and its supreme administrative organization, in addition to Zhang Zuo, has always been an official or too long history, and Sima usually plays an important role in it.
2, the unearthed land problem, which is closely related to Li Baiwen's book years, should maintain the opinion of the discoverer himself. As for an important source of LK unearthed, the site of the LA site is not Kroraina said by Mr. Wang Guowei on the wrong map.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K877.9

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