本文選題：商代 + 都城　； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的商代都城宮殿建筑基址，作為商王朝進(jìn)行各種政治活動(dòng)和日常生活的主要場(chǎng)所，直接或間接的反映了商代的社會(huì)形態(tài)、禮儀制度等多方面的歷史信息。本文通過(guò)對(duì)商代都城宮殿建筑基址的建筑形制和布局特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析研究，以探討商代宮殿的建筑制度以及相關(guān)禮儀制度。 偃師商城宮城位于小城中部，宮城南部為宮殿區(qū)，中部為祭祀?yún)^(qū)，北部為池苑遺址。南部的宮殿基址可分為東西對(duì)稱(chēng)分布的兩組建筑群，東組為宗廟建筑，呈獨(dú)立封閉的四合院落式格局；西組為宮室建筑，呈南北相連的三進(jìn)院落式格局。鄭州商城內(nèi)城之中分布有大量的宮殿建筑基址，而城內(nèi)東北部最為集中，且發(fā)現(xiàn)有池苑遺跡和社祀遺存。從已發(fā)掘的部代宮殿建筑基址可知鄭州商城宮殿建筑的基本格局亦呈四合院落式。洹北商城是中商時(shí)期的大型都城遺址，宮城位于城址中部偏南，已發(fā)掘的一號(hào)和二號(hào)宮殿基址位于宮城中部。這兩座基址整體形制和布局特點(diǎn)與偃師商城的東組基址相似，為南北縱向布列的兩座彼此獨(dú)立的四合院落式宮殿建筑，亦當(dāng)屬于宗廟建筑。殷墟小屯宮殿區(qū)的建筑基址分為甲、乙、丙、丁四組，甲組基址多為單體建筑，，整體布局表現(xiàn)出東西對(duì)稱(chēng)的特點(diǎn)；乙組基址是由北向南依次建造的，由若干座四合院落式宮殿南北相連組合成多進(jìn)院落，與偃師商城西組建筑的格局相似，屬宮室類(lèi)建筑，丙組基址位于乙組基址西側(cè)，應(yīng)屬于乙組基址的附屬建筑。新發(fā)現(xiàn)的丁組基址位于乙組基址東南，建筑年代較早，為獨(dú)立封閉的四合院落式結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)為宗廟建筑。 商代都城的宮殿建筑在選址制度方面，注重“宮城居中”與擇高地營(yíng)建宮室兩個(gè)基本原則，如果都城所在地之地形可同時(shí)滿足這兩個(gè)基本原則，則宮城必然是居中、居高的，但當(dāng)?shù)匦尾荒芡瑫r(shí)滿足這兩個(gè)原則時(shí)，出于宮城安全的考慮，必然要選擇都城內(nèi)的高地上。在宮殿建筑形制上，商代宮殿建筑的基本模式為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的四合院落式結(jié)構(gòu)。在宮殿布局上遵從性質(zhì)相同的建筑沿同一南北中軸線縱向布列，宮室與宗廟兩種性質(zhì)不同的建筑則呈東西對(duì)稱(chēng)布局。在建筑朝向方面，商代的大部分建筑，包括城址、宮殿的建筑軸線均遵從偏東北的方位制度。宮城建筑制度中還包含池苑和消防制度，在都城宮殿區(qū)內(nèi)大都建有池苑，一方面作為商王生活?yuàn)蕵?lè)的專(zhuān)屬場(chǎng)所，另一方面也是作為整個(gè)宮殿區(qū)的消防設(shè)施。 宗廟制度方面，宗廟建筑是都城內(nèi)最早營(yíng)建的建筑，一經(jīng)建造便不會(huì)進(jìn)行改建或廢棄。商代沒(méi)有遷廟和毀廟制度，隨著死去商王數(shù)量的增多，宗廟的數(shù)量也隨之增加。宗廟建筑均為相對(duì)封閉的獨(dú)立四合院，北部正殿分隔為若干間室用以供奉先王神主。朝寢制度方面，商代遵循前朝后寢的制度，寢殿位于宮室最北部，朝堂建筑由南向北分為外朝和內(nèi)朝，平面格局為南北相連的兩進(jìn)或三進(jìn)院落。祭祀制度方面，在宮殿區(qū)范圍內(nèi)既有專(zhuān)門(mén)的祭祀場(chǎng)所，也有針對(duì)宗廟或其他祭祀類(lèi)建筑進(jìn)行特定的祭祀活動(dòng)。 通過(guò)分析商代其他地方城邑的宮殿建筑基址，可知它們也受到商王朝都城宮殿建筑的影響。在宮殿區(qū)選址制度、四合院落式結(jié)構(gòu)與中軸對(duì)稱(chēng)制度、建筑朝向尊東北方位制度、前朝后寢制度都與商王朝的建筑禮儀制度表現(xiàn)出一致性特征。 商代宮殿建筑禮儀制度中的宮廟分離、四合院落式結(jié)構(gòu)、中軸對(duì)稱(chēng)制度也是承襲二里頭遺址中的宮殿建筑基址所表現(xiàn)出的建筑禮儀制度，并對(duì)西周時(shí)期的宮殿建筑形制產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。商代都城宮殿建筑在宮殿建筑發(fā)展史中起到了承上啟下的關(guān)鍵作用。
[Abstract]:Based on the archaeological finds of the palace buildings of the Shang Dynasty , as the main places of various political activities and daily life of Shang Dynasty , it directly or indirectly reflects the historical information of the social form and the etiquette system of the Shang Dynasty . This paper studies the architecture and layout characteristics of the palace buildings of the Shang Dynasty , in order to discuss the architecture system of the Shang Dynasty palace and the related etiquette system .

Yanshi Shangcheng Miyagi is located in the middle of the small town , the south of the palace is the palace area , the middle part is the sacrifice area , the north is the Yuyuan site . The palace base site in the south can be divided into two groups of buildings with symmetrical distribution , and the east group is a temple building , which is in the form of an independent closed four - compound courtyard ;
The basic pattern of the palace buildings in Shangcheng is located in the middle part of the city , and the base of the palace is located in the middle part of the city . The site of the palace is divided into four groups : A , B , C , D .
The base site of Group B is constructed from north to south and is composed of a plurality of four - compound courtyards , which are connected to the north and south to form a multi - entrance compound , which is similar to the pattern of the western group of Yanshi Shangcheng . The base site of Group B is located on the west side of the base site of Group B . The base site of the newly discovered group is located in the southeast of the base site of the group B . The newly discovered group base site is located in the southeast of the base site of the group B .

The palace buildings in the Shang Dynasty are based on the site selection system , pay attention to the two basic principles of " palace residence " and the selective high - height construction palace . If the terrain of the city location can meet these two basic principles at the same time , it is necessary to choose the high ground in the city . In the construction of the palace , most of the buildings of the Shang Dynasty are the standard four - compound courtyard structure . In the construction of the palace , most of the buildings of the Shang Dynasty include the city site and the building axis of the palace .

In the temple system , the temple buildings are the earliest buildings built in the city . Once they are built , they will not be reconstructed or abandoned . As the number of the dead merchants increases , the number of the temples increases . As the number of dead merchants increases , the temple is divided into a number of rooms to serve the Lord God . In terms of the system of worship , there is a special sacrifice place in the palace area , and there are special sacrifice activities for the temple or other sacrificial structures .

By analyzing the base sites of the palace buildings of other local cities in the Shang Dynasty , it is found that they are also influenced by the architecture of the palace buildings of the Shang Dynasty . In the site selection system of the palace , the drop - down structure of the four compound houses and the central axis symmetry system , the building faces the northeast orientation system , and the system of the ex - dynasty bed and the Shang Dynasty shows the consistency characteristic .

The Imperial Palace in the Shang Dynasty palace is separated from the temple , and the four - compound courtyard falls into a structure . The central axis symmetry system is also the architectural etiquette system that is shown by the palace buildings in Erlitou site , and has a far - reaching influence on the palace building formation in the Western Zhou Dynasty .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K878

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 晁福林;試釋甲骨文“堂”字并論商代祭祀制度的若干問(wèn)題[J];北京師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);1995年01期

2 陳昌遠(yuǎn),陳隆文;論山西垣曲商城遺址與“湯始居亳”之歷史地理考察[J];河南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2000年01期

3 李久昌;;論偃師商城的都城性質(zhì)及其變化[J];河南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2007年03期

4 秦文生;;鄭州商城與偃師商城之比較研究[J];黃河科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2006年01期

5 曹艷朋;;鄭州商城和偃師商城商代祭祀遺存之比較[J];黃河科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2009年01期

6 郝本性;;試論鄭州出土商代人頭骨飲器[J];華夏考古;1992年02期

7 王學(xué)榮;河南偃師商城第Ⅱ號(hào)建筑群遺址研究[J];華夏考古;2000年01期

8 袁廣闊,秦小麗,楊貴金;河南焦作市府城遺址發(fā)掘簡(jiǎn)報(bào)[J];華夏考古;2000年02期

9 趙芝荃;偃師商城建筑概論──1983年～1999年建筑遺跡考古[J];華夏考古;2001年02期

10 賈洪波;殷墟乙十一建筑基址的年代與相關(guān)遺跡的討論[J];華夏考古;2004年04期

本文編號(hào)：1821739