本文選題：漢碑 + 功曹　； 參考：《鄭州大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：功曹雖秩僅百石,但在東漢守相自辟之屬吏中地位最高,對(duì)漢代地方政權(quán)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。從漢碑出發(fā),對(duì)功曹及其相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行研究,會(huì)加深對(duì)漢代地方屬吏問題的認(rèn)識(shí),同時(shí)對(duì)漢代后期一些社會(huì)問題的研究也有著重要的意義。 論文研究主要包括三個(gè)方面： 1、主要利用漢碑資料,并結(jié)合歷史文獻(xiàn)及簡牘資料,對(duì)漢碑中出現(xiàn)的功曹及其有關(guān)的掾史進(jìn)行考證辨析,完善對(duì)功曹問題的認(rèn)識(shí)。通過漢碑資料的分析進(jìn)一步佐證功曹是功曹史的簡稱；功曹與五官掾并非同職異稱,而是兩種不同的官職；郡縣功曹有一定的區(qū)別等觀點(diǎn)。 2、對(duì)“故功曹”、“功曹”出現(xiàn)次數(shù)較多的碑刻進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,并對(duì)“故功曹”多次出現(xiàn)的原因進(jìn)行探析�？たh長官的頻繁更換對(duì)地方屬吏的任用是有一定影響的。在漢代中央任命的僅是郡縣的長官,而官吏籍貫回避制度又得到嚴(yán)格的實(shí)行,官員往往是單車赴任,身單勢(shì)孤的主官到任后必然要任用當(dāng)?shù)厝藶榭たh屬吏。如果一個(gè)長官經(jīng)常遷轉(zhuǎn),那么他的屬吏就會(huì)經(jīng)常發(fā)生變動(dòng),屬吏的人數(shù)也就會(huì)不斷增多。其次,功曹在某些碑中多次出現(xiàn)也可能與屬吏自身情況有關(guān),如屬吏自身的升遷以及告假、免等情況有關(guān)。事務(wù)與處理事務(wù)的官吏之間出現(xiàn)脫節(jié),事務(wù)比較固定,但是負(fù)責(zé)其事的官吏較長時(shí)間離職無法視事,如寧、告、彈劾、未到官、免等情況,這就要求郡縣長官再令找人代替或者暫時(shí)代理原來屬吏的位置,處理日常事務(wù)。此外,也可能與漢代官吏的編制管理及當(dāng)?shù)卣⻊?wù)繁忙等情況有關(guān)。官吏籍貫回避制度,使得地方州郡長官不得為本郡人,必須為外派人員。屬員由長官自己在當(dāng)?shù)刈孕斜俪?這就為功曹成為地方屬吏中地位最高、職統(tǒng)內(nèi)外提供了可能。豪族通過各種渠道出任郡縣官吏僚佐,特別是出任功曹一職,控制掾?qū)龠x用,使得國家的地方權(quán)力自郡縣到鄉(xiāng)里,在很大程度上被本地的豪族所占據(jù),有些地區(qū)甚至出現(xiàn)被幾家豪族世代把持的現(xiàn)象。 3、由漢碑中的“故功曹”,引起對(duì)漢代故吏問題的探討。故吏與舉主除了君臣關(guān)系外,也存在前任官屬吏與現(xiàn)任主官之間的關(guān)系,這一點(diǎn)值得注意。門生故吏為舉主立碑現(xiàn)象在東漢興盛是有其特殊社會(huì)原因的,如東漢后期士人的政治斗爭以及由于社會(huì)黑暗、吏治腐敗等問題而產(chǎn)生的對(duì)廉潔政治的期待。
[Abstract]:Although the rank of Gong Cao was only 100 stone, it had the highest position among the officials of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which had a profound influence on the local political power in the Han Dynasty.Starting from the tablet of Han Dynasty, the study of Gong Cao and its related problems will deepen the understanding of the local subordinate officials in the Han Dynasty, and at the same time, it is of great significance to study some social problems in the later period of the Han Dynasty.The thesis mainly includes three aspects:1. Mainly using Han stele data, combining with historical documents and bamboo slips, this paper makes textual research and analysis on the history of merit and Cao in Han tablet, and consummates the understanding of the problem of merit and Cao.Through the analysis of Han stele data, it is further proved that Gong Cao is the abbreviation of Cao's history of merit; the two different official positions are not the same name, but two different official posts; there are some differences between them and so on.2. The author makes a statistical analysis of the inscriptions which appear more frequently, and probes into the causes of the frequent appearance of "the old Cao".The frequent change of prefectures and prefectures has a certain impact on the appointment of local officials.In the Han Dynasty, the central government appointed only the prefectural and county officials, and the local officials' avoidance system was strictly carried out. The officials often went to the post by bicycle, and the local people were bound to be appointed as prefectural and county officials after their arrival.If an officer moves frequently, his subordinates will often change, and the number of subordinates will increase.Secondly, the repeated appearance of Gong Cao in some tablets may also be related to the official's own situation, such as the promotion of the subordinate official's own promotion, the lawsuit against the false, the exemption and so on.There is a disconnection between the affairs and the officials dealing with the affairs, and the affairs are relatively fixed, but the officials in charge of the affairs leave for a longer period of time, such as peace, prosecution, impeachment, failure to come to the office, removal, and so on.This requires county governors to replace or temporarily represent the original official's position, handling daily affairs.In addition, it may also be related to the establishment and management of officials in the Han Dynasty and the busy local affairs.The local governor must not be a native officer, but must be an expatriate.The officers themselves were removed locally, which made it possible for kung Cao to become the highest official in the local government.Through various channels, the Haozu have served as assistants to county officials, especially in the position of Gong Cao, and control the selection of the puissants. As a result, the local power of the country has to a large extent been occupied by the local people from prefectures and counties to the countryside.In some areas, it has even been dominated by several luxury tribes for generations.3. The problem of the late officials in the Han Dynasty was discussed by the "old work and Cao" in the Han tablet.Therefore, besides the relation between monarch and minister, there also exists the relationship between the former official and the incumbent, which is worthy of attention.There are some special social reasons for the phenomenon that the former officials of the college students set up steles as the chief official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as the political struggle of the scholars in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the expectation of the clean politics arising from the problems of the social darkness and the corruption of the officials.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K877.42;K234.2

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