本文關(guān)鍵詞： 虢國(guó)墓地 喪葬制度 西周晚期 春秋早期　出處：《河南大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：虢國(guó)是西周晚期至春秋早期京畿附近的一個(gè)重要姬姓諸侯國(guó),對(duì)西周時(shí)期的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化都產(chǎn)生了重要的影響,但由于先秦文獻(xiàn)對(duì)虢國(guó)的記載過于簡(jiǎn)略,致使虢國(guó)的歷史撲朔迷離,學(xué)術(shù)界眾說紛紜。虢國(guó)墓地的發(fā)現(xiàn)彌補(bǔ)了兩周之際的考古空白,為研究虢國(guó)歷史和西周時(shí)期諸侯國(guó)的喪葬制度提供了珍貴的實(shí)物資料。 本文基于考古發(fā)掘的墓葬材料,并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)資料,對(duì)虢國(guó)墓地的喪葬制度進(jìn)行探討。并以虢國(guó)墓地為切入點(diǎn),通過與晉侯墓地、應(yīng)國(guó)墓地和國(guó)墓地喪葬制度的對(duì)比研究,進(jìn)而總結(jié)虢國(guó)喪葬制度的特點(diǎn),為深入探討西周時(shí)期的喪葬制度打下基礎(chǔ)。 通過對(duì)虢國(guó)墓地的系統(tǒng)分析,本文得出如下觀點(diǎn): 一、虢國(guó)墓地在棺槨制度上的最高規(guī)格為一槨兩棺,與文獻(xiàn)記載的“諸侯五重”不符。原因是《三禮》成書較晚,加之后世的禮學(xué)家對(duì)社會(huì)上所流行的禮儀制度進(jìn)行了加工、整理,刻意地突出了等級(jí)內(nèi)容,并把禮制理想化。另一種原因是中原地區(qū)的氣候條件不利于棺槨等木質(zhì)材料的保存,由于棺槨朽蝕嚴(yán)重,僅存朽灰,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致考古工作者的辨別出現(xiàn)誤差。在墓道問題上,虢國(guó)墓地沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)帶墓道的墓葬,究其原因可能與“未得爵命為諸侯”有關(guān)。 二、在用鼎制度上,列鼎制度已經(jīng)形成,并延伸至其它器物,高級(jí)貴族隨葬的青銅禮器在西周晚期已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)僭越現(xiàn)象;樂器只有國(guó)君和太子級(jí)別才可以隨葬并且只在男性墓葬中發(fā)現(xiàn);出土的樂器以打擊樂器為主,級(jí)別較高;通過對(duì)比可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在隨葬樂器制度和列鼎制度上豐鎬地區(qū)要早于中原地區(qū),說明周文化的傳播是從宗周地區(qū)向四周擴(kuò)散的。虢國(guó)墓地的一大特色是鬲的隨葬均為偶數(shù),這是其它諸侯國(guó)所罕見的。 三、在車馬制度上,虢國(guó)墓地隨葬車馬坑的等級(jí)并不僅僅取決于隨葬車馬數(shù)量多少,而是以車馬坑的長(zhǎng)度上的倍數(shù)關(guān)系來決定的;車馬坑的形制也趨于規(guī)范化,從虢國(guó)墓地發(fā)掘的車馬坑來看,車馬坑與墓主之間也體現(xiàn)出了明顯的從屬關(guān)系。車馬器的種類以轄、銜、鑣為主,鑾鈴作為一種常見的車馬器,與其它禮器一樣,已經(jīng)成為虢國(guó)喪葬制度的重要隨葬品。 四、在用玉制度上也有其自身特征,t\0玉、t\0貝主要見于長(zhǎng)江以北地區(qū),這是在周文化圈內(nèi)流行的喪葬禮俗,在楚墓中這類喪葬禮俗就很少有發(fā)現(xiàn),表明t\0玉并非楚人的傳統(tǒng)。組玉佩中的玉璜大多呈奇數(shù),而晉侯墓地則更多的表現(xiàn)為偶數(shù),通過系統(tǒng)分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn),璜與鼎的數(shù)目越多,墓主人的身份地位越高,反之則地位低。璜與鼎的數(shù)目沒有明顯的相對(duì)等關(guān)系,璜的數(shù)目與鼎的數(shù)目并不完全相等。
[Abstract]:Guo State was an important member of the State of Chu in the vicinity of Beijing Ji from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn period. It had an important influence on the politics, economy and culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but the records of Guo State were too brief in the documents of the Pre-Qin Dynasty. The discovery of the graveyard of Guo State made up for the archaeological blank in two weeks and provided valuable material material for studying the history of Guo State and the burial system of various states in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Based on the materials of archaeological excavations and the literature, this paper probes into the burial system of the graveyard of the Guo State, and makes a comparative study of the burial system of the cemetery of Guo State with that of the tomb of Jin Dynasty, the cemetery of Yingguo and the burial system of the cemetery of the State of Guoguo by taking the graveyard of Guo State as a starting point. And then summarize the characteristics of Guo State funeral system, lay a foundation for further discussion of the Western Zhou Dynasty funeral system. Based on the systematic analysis of the graveyard of the Guo State, this paper draws the following points of view:. First, the highest specification for the coffin and coffin system in the tomb of Guo State is one outer coffin and two coffins, which is not in accordance with the "five dukes of princes" recorded in the literature. The reason is that the "three rites" came into being later in the book, and the etiquette system popular in society has been processed by later generations of ritual scientists. Sorting out, deliberately highlighting the grade content, and idealizing the ritual system. Another reason is that the climatic conditions in the Central Plains are not conducive to the preservation of wooden materials such as coffins and outer coffins. This may lead to errors in the identification of archaeologists. On the question of tomb path, no tomb with tomb path has been found in the cemetery of Guo State, which may be related to the fact that he has not been appointed as a prince. Second, in the use of tripod system, the tripod system has been formed, and extended to other objects, the high noble burial of bronze ritual objects in the late Western Zhou Dynasty has appeared unauthorized phenomenon; Musical instruments can only be buried at the rank of king and prince and found only in the tombs of men; percussion instruments are the main instruments unearthed, and they are of higher rank; through comparison, it can be found that, In the system of funerary instruments and tripod, Fenghao area was earlier than the Central Plains area, indicating that the spread of Zhou culture spread from Zongzhou region to the surrounding area. One of the features of Guo State cemetery is that the burial of GE is even-numbered, which is rare in other princes. Third, in the system of carts and horses, the rank of the craters in the Guo State cemetery is determined not only by the number of carts and horses, but also by the multiple relationship in the length of the pits; the shape of the pits is also becoming more and more standardized. Judging from the caravan pit excavated by the cemetery of the Guo State, the relationship between the pit and the owner of the tomb also shows an obvious subordinate relationship. The types of carts and horses are dominated by jurisdiction, ranks and ways. Luanling, as a common kind of chariot and horse ware, is like other ceremonial objects. It has become an important burial object of Guo state funeral system. Fourth, the system of using jade also has its own characteristics. It is mainly found in the areas north of the Yangtze River. This is a popular funeral custom in the Zhou cultural circle, but rarely found in the Chu Tombs. The result shows that t jade is not the tradition of Chu people. Most of the jade Juan in Jade Peibei is odd number, while the tomb ground of Jin Dynasty is more even-numbered. Through systematic analysis, it can be found that the more the number of Huang and Ding is, the higher the status of the owner of the tomb is. On the contrary, the position is low. There is no obvious reciprocal relation between Juan and tripod, and the number of Juan and tripod is not exactly equal.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K878.8

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