本文關鍵詞： 陶寺遺址 史前技術 實證解析　出處：《山西大學》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：襄汾陶寺是黃河中游地區(qū)新石器時代末期的一處重要遺址。其位于汾河下游臨汾盆地東部塔爾山山前丘陵地帶,整個遺址背山面水,地勢較高,水源充足,且在古代氣候濕潤,植被繁茂,黃土易于挖穴構屋,冬暖夏涼,十分利于原始先人定居生活,是理想的聚居之地。 上世紀70年代末以來,通過考古工作者的不斷努力,這里發(fā)現(xiàn)了王級大墓、面積達280萬平方米的史前古城、具有天文觀象功能的大型夯土臺基、具有柱網(wǎng)結構的宮殿臺基等重要遺跡。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)早期銅器、彩繪陶器、玉鉞、玉璧、玉璜、玉獸面等具有禮器性質的玉器,彩繪漆木器、石磬等重要遺物。這些遺跡與遺物的發(fā)現(xiàn),結合文獻記載等,學界一般將其與唐堯部族相聯(lián)系,陶寺遺址很可能就是傳說中的“堯都平陽” 本文以技術史研究為目的,通過陶寺遺址考古發(fā)掘、陶寺遺址石制品調查、中條山礦冶遺址田野調查、呂梁山岢嵐、寧武等地窯洞式居住址的考古發(fā)掘工作,新獲取一批適合技術史研究的考古材料,包括石制品、夯土、居址白灰面、陶窯內窯汗以及燒流的陶片等,尤為重要的是,在陶寺遺址新獲得一件銅制品——銅環(huán),在中條山發(fā)現(xiàn)早于商代的采礦遺址并獲得了一批早期采礦遺物——亞腰石錘、石阡等。 在盡可能全面收集以往數(shù)據(jù)的基礎上,用新的實驗方法、新的實驗儀器對新獲取的考古材料進行實驗室分析。通過這些實驗,得到一批新的實驗數(shù)據(jù),再與以往的結論和數(shù)據(jù)進行比較分析,盡可能真實地反映當時的技術發(fā)展水平。 在石器制造技術研究中,設計了一組模擬實驗。根據(jù)以往的研究成果以及2008年陶寺遺址石制品調查的成果,先對當時人類可能采用的工具套以及操作鏈進行推測,再制造出相應的工具套,用這些工具按照推測的操作鏈在陶寺遺址采集的同類原料上進行模擬實驗,詳細記錄了整個過程中石制品及副產(chǎn)品的變化,通過與考古遺址中發(fā)現(xiàn)的石制品進行對比分析,嘗試對當時石器制作技術及生產(chǎn)模式進行復原研究。 在制陶技術研究中,利用電感耦合等離子體發(fā)射光譜儀對陶寺遺址采集的91塊陶片進行化學元素成分測試,根據(jù)測試結果,認為其制作各類陶器所用的塑性原料應是取自本地的紅黏土。通過對已經(jīng)發(fā)表陶器的痕跡分析,對當時陶器的成型工藝、修整工藝、裝飾工藝等做了復原研究。通過對陶窯形制分析及窯內遺物燒成溫度測試,還原了當時陶器的燒造環(huán)境。 在治玉技術研究中,通過系列樣本的科學分析,得知當時人隨葬的玉、石器中僅有十分之一是透閃石真玉,來源可能是新疆等地,其他都是來自附近山中的大理石、蛇紋石之類的美石。通過對晉南地區(qū)陶寺、清涼寺、下靳三處墓地出土隨葬玉石器表面痕跡的觀察,推測當時的開料是以片切割為主,鉆孔有實心鉆與空心鉆兩種,而且玉器磨光之后極少使用其他裝飾技法。 在冶金技術研究中,通過對陶寺遺址出土四件銅器金屬成分的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)了史前最早的砷青銅合金。通過對齒輪形器及銅鈴形態(tài)及痕跡的觀察,結合夏縣東下馮出土石范、偃師二里頭遺址出土陶范的情況,對史前范鑄工藝做了復原研究。 在建筑技術研究中,通過對陶寺遺址出土各類建筑遺跡的分析,討論了當時的建筑技術及建筑水平。陶寺先民對建筑史的貢獻主要有白灰、石膏等建筑裝飾材料的應用；水井的發(fā)明；陶板作為建材的使用；版筑技術應用于城墻、宮殿等大型夯土建筑當中。 通過對當時石器、陶器、玉器、冶金及建筑技術的研究,總結出當時的幾項重要的技術成就以及審曲面孰、利用則止的技術觀。 建立在技術研究的基礎上,對當時社會的生產(chǎn)組織狀況也做了一些探討,分析由于掌握這些技術而給社會帶來的種種變革,通過技術的發(fā)展情況來解釋一些社會現(xiàn)象,并建立其因果關系的邏輯鏈條。通過對陶寺遺址古人技術發(fā)展狀況的總結,分析出技術進步帶來了深入的社會分工、貿易和產(chǎn)品交流的常態(tài)化,從而導致社會更加復雜化；技術進步使文字、天文歷法、銅禮器、樂器、玉器等文明因素產(chǎn)生并推廣,從而導致文明起源；技術進步使軍隊、城等國家機器和保衛(wèi)設施產(chǎn)生,并產(chǎn)生了凌駕于一切的“王”,從而導致國家起源。
[Abstract]:Xiangfen county is an important stage of the Neolithic Age in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It is located in the ruins of the Fenhe River Basin in eastern Linfen's Piedmont hills, the site of the mountains and water, the higher terrain, abundant water, and in the ancient humid climate, lush vegetation, loess is easy to dig cave house, very warm in winter and cool in summer, the original ancestors settled for life, is the ideal inhabited land.
The last century since the end of 70s, through continuous efforts of archaeologists found the tomb of king, here, the area of 2 million 800 thousand square meters of the prehistoric city, with astronomical observation function of large rammed earth platform, with column structure of the palace and other important platform sites. In addition, also found that early Bronze, pottery, jade Yue, jade the jade, jade huang, Shoumian has the nature of ritual jade, lacquer painting, like important relics. These monuments and relics discovered, combined with literature, scholars generally will contact with the tribe of Tang Yao, Taosi site probably is the legendary "Yaodu Pingyang"
Based on the study of the history of technology for the purpose of the Taosi archaeological excavations, relics of stone products in metallurgical site investigation, field investigation, Lvliang mountain cave, Ningwu Kelan, address the archaeological work, get a number of new technology for the study of the history of archaeological materials, including stone products, rammed earth, settlement baihuimian pottery kiln, kiln sweat and burning flow of pottery and other, is particularly important, in the new Taosi site won a copper - copper ring, as early as in the Shang Dynasty mining sites and won a number of early mining relics - waist hammer stone found in Shiqian Zhongtiaoshan.
A comprehensive collection of basic data of the past as much as possible, with the new experimental methods and experimental instruments for newly acquired new archaeological materials for laboratory analysis. Through these experiments, obtained a number of new experimental data, then compare with the previous data and conclusions, as far as possible to reflect the level of Technological Development at that time.
In the study of manufacturing technology of stone, design a set of simulation experiments. Based on previous research results and the 2008 Taosi stone products survey results, the first man was the set of tools and the operation of chain of speculation, and then create a corresponding set of tools, with these tools supposedly operation chain in Taosi site collection the similar material simulation experiment, a detailed record of changes in the whole process of stone products and by-products, through a comparative analysis of stone artifacts and archaeological site in the restoration of the stone was trying to production technology and production patterns.
In the study of pottery technology, 91 piece of pottery emission spectrometer acquisition of Taosi site by inductively coupled plasma chemical elements were tested according to the test results, that the production of various types of pottery plastic raw material should be taken from the local red clay. Through the analysis of published pottery traces of the forming process of time pottery decoration and trimming process, the research of restoration. Based on the analysis of pottery kiln and kiln relics in the shape of the firing temperature test, reducing the time of making pottery.
In the technology of jade, through a series of samples of scientific analysis shows that only 1/10 people buried jade, stone is tremolite, possibly from Xinjiang, and the other is from the nearby mountains of marble and serpentine. The cool of South Shanxi Taosi, under the temple. Three Jin cemetery unearthed burial jade surface traces of observation, speculate that the open material is a film cutting, drilling and drilling are solid hollow drill two, and rarely use other jade polished after the decoration technique.
In the study of metallurgical technology, through the analysis of unearthed four bronze metal components of Taosi, as the earliest prehistoric bronze alloy was found. Through the observation of gear shaped and bell shape and traces the combination of Xiaxian Dongxiafeng a rock fan, fan of the pottery unearthed in Yanshi Erlitou site of prehistoric casting. Do research on the restoration process.
In the study of the construction technology, through the analysis of all kinds of architectural relics unearthed relics, discusses the construction technology and construction. The level of contribution to the architectural history of the ancestors of the main application of lime, gypsum and other building decoration materials; wells invention; ceramic plate used as building materials; version built technology applied to the wall the palace, and other large rammed earth buildings.
By studying the stone implements, pottery, jade articles, metallurgy and building technology at that time, we summed up several important technical achievements at that time and the technical view of using them.
Based on the research on the production status of the society at that time also does some research and analysis as to master these techniques and a variety of change brings to the society, to explain some social phenomena through the development of technology, the logical chain and to establish a causal relationship. Based on the technology development status of the Taosi site summary, analysis of technological progress has brought a profound social division of labor, the normalization of exchange and trade, which leads to more complicated society; technological progress makes the text, astronomical calendar, bronze vessels, musical instruments, jade and other factors and the promotion of civilization, which leads to the origin of civilization; technological progress to produce military, city state machine and defense facilities, and have above all the "King", which leads to the origin of the state.

【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K872

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