俄羅斯（蘇聯(lián)）對車臣民族政策的歷史演變研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-03-26 20:17
【摘要】： 車臣問題是冷戰(zhàn)后始終困擾俄羅斯當局的一個重大民族問題，它不僅對國家的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展造成嚴重危害，遲滯了俄羅斯重新崛起的步伐，而且直接影響著俄羅斯的國際聲譽、國際地位和國際關系。車臣危機由來已久、原因眾多，然而，俄羅斯(蘇聯(lián))在不同歷史時期所實行的民族政策以及在處理民族問題和民族矛盾過程中所犯的錯誤是其中不可否認的重要因素。因此，系統(tǒng)回顧不同歷史階段俄羅斯(蘇聯(lián))對車臣的民族政策，認真總結其成敗得失和經(jīng)驗教訓，不僅具有重要的學術價值，更具有重大的現(xiàn)實意義。 本文由五個部分組成。第一章總體上回顧了車臣問題的歷史由來和現(xiàn)實發(fā)展，為展開全文作了鋪墊。第二章到第四章是文章的主體，系統(tǒng)地闡述和分析了沙皇俄國、蘇聯(lián)和俄羅斯聯(lián)邦三個時期對車臣民族政策的歷史演變過程。文章認為，沙皇俄國推行大俄羅斯沙文主義殖民政策，，對車臣人民長期實施殘酷鎮(zhèn)壓和統(tǒng)治，在被征服為“臣民”的車臣人的心理上埋下了“民族仇恨”的種子。十月革命的勝利為解決包括車臣在內(nèi)的復雜的民族問題提供了契機。以列寧為代表的蘇俄領導人運用馬克思主義民族理論指導民族工作和解決民族問題，制定和執(zhí)行了一系列針對本國民族關系實際情況的民族政策，收到了良好的效果。然而從斯大林執(zhí)政后期直至勃列日涅夫時期，盡管蘇聯(lián)在民族問題的處理上依然有一定成績，但由于對社會主義發(fā)展進程以及對民族問題存在一些錯誤認識，加上大俄羅斯民族主義傳統(tǒng)的消極影響，蘇聯(lián)的民族政策出現(xiàn)重大失誤。而車臣人無辜遭受的三次大規(guī)模迫害更是極大地傷害了車臣人的感情，為后來車臣問題的爆發(fā)埋下了禍根。戈爾巴喬夫時期推行的“公開化”、“民主化”實際上為早已對俄羅斯懷有強烈不滿的車臣分離勢力提供了機會。蘇聯(lián)解體過程中和之后，車臣問題日益成為俄羅斯當局面臨的急迫問題。在葉利欽和普京兩個階段，俄羅斯政府對車臣民族問題的政策存在重大差異。葉利欽政府先是對車臣分離勢力妥協(xié)退讓，直到車臣分離勢力坐大并直接威脅到俄羅斯國家統(tǒng)一時才不得不發(fā)動第一次車臣戰(zhàn)爭。普京上臺后汲取了以往的教訓，采取強有力手段對車臣極端分離主義勢力予以遏制和打擊，取得了明顯成效。但是，由于眾多因素的制約，徹底解決車臣問題尚需時日。第五章從五個方面總結了車臣民族問題的歷史啟示：必須對民族問題的長期性、復雜性、國際性、敏感性和重要性特征保持清醒的認識；必須十分重視少數(shù)民族地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展，不斷提高民族地區(qū)的人民生活水平和自我發(fā)展能力：必須高度重視培養(yǎng)使用民族干部，做到既堅持高標準嚴要求，又關心愛護并放手使用相結合；必須正確處理中央集權與民族地區(qū)分權、國家統(tǒng)一與民族自治的關系，明確中央政府與民族自治地方之間的權利和義務關系；必須對危害國家主權、破壞領土完整的極端民族分離主義勢力予以堅決遏制和打擊。
[Abstract]:The problem of Chechnya is a major national problem that has always plagued the Russian authorities after the cold war, which not only caused serious harm to the stability and development of the country, but also delayed the pace of the re-emergence of Russia, and directly affected the international reputation, international status and international relations of Russia. The crisis of the Republic of Chechnya has a long history and many reasons. However, the national policies adopted by the Russian (Soviet Union) in different historical periods and the mistakes made in the process of the process of ethnic and national conflicts are the undeniable important factors. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to review the national policy of the Russian (Soviet Union) in the different historical stages, and to sum up the successes and losses and the lessons of it, not only has the important academic value but also has great practical significance. This article is composed of five The first chapter, in general, reviews the history of the problem of Chechnya and the development of the reality, in order to carry out the full text. The second chapter and the fourth chapter are the main body of the article, and the history of the policy of the Chechen nation in the three periods of the tsar Russia, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation are systematically expounded and analyzed. The article is of the view that the czar russia is carrying out the policy of the great russian chauvinism, and for the long-term brutal suppression and rule of the Chechen people, and buried in the psychological of the Chechen people who have been conquered as the "Chen Min". > The seeds of the October Revolution. The victory of the October Revolution was to resolve the complex national problems, including Chechnya. The Russian leader, who is a representative of Lenin, used the Marxist national theory to guide the national work and solve the national problems, and formulated and implemented a series of national policies aimed at the actual situation of the national relations. However, in the late period of Stalin's ruling until the period of Brezhnev, despite the fact that the Soviet Union still has some achievements in the process of the national problem, due to the wrong understanding of the process of the socialist development and the problems of the nationality, and the traditional Chinese nationalism, The Negative Influence of the Soviet Union's National Policy A major mistake. The three-scale persecution of the innocent of the Chechen people has greatly hurt the feelings of the Chechen people and buried the Chechen problem later. The "public" in the period of Gorbachev's national hatred "," in fact, is the breakaway force of the Chechen separatist forces that have been strongly dissatisfied with Russia. " in that course of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the problem of Chechnya is increasingly face by the Russian authorities An urgent issue. In the two phases of Yeltsin and Putin, the Russian government has a policy of the problem of the Chechen nation. in a major difference, Yeltsin's government was first to compromise that separatist forces of the republic of Chechnya, until the separation of the republic of Chechnya and the direct threat to the unity of the Russian state would have to be waged for the first time The war in Chechnya. After Mr. Putin came to power, he learned the lessons of the past and adopted a powerful means to contain and strike the separatist forces in Chechnya. However, as a result of the constraints of many factors, the problem of the Chechen problem is thoroughly solved The fifth chapter summarizes the historical enlightenment of the problem of the Chechen nation from five aspects: the long-term, the complexity, the international, the sensitivity and the importance of the national problem must be kept awake; it is necessary to attach great importance to the economy of the minority areas The development of the society and the continuous improvement of the people's living standard and the self-development ability in the minority areas: it is necessary to attach great importance to the cultivation of the use of the national cadres, to adhere to the strict requirements of high standards, to care for the care and to let go of the use of the people, and to correctly handle the centralism and the nation The relationship between the decentralization of the region, the unification of the state and the national autonomous areas, the clear determination of the relationship between the rights and obligations between the central government and the national autonomous areas, and the determination of the extremist ethnic separatist forces that endanger the sovereignty of the State and undermine the territorial integrity must be determined resolutely.
【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：D751.2
本文編號：2447887
[Abstract]:The problem of Chechnya is a major national problem that has always plagued the Russian authorities after the cold war, which not only caused serious harm to the stability and development of the country, but also delayed the pace of the re-emergence of Russia, and directly affected the international reputation, international status and international relations of Russia. The crisis of the Republic of Chechnya has a long history and many reasons. However, the national policies adopted by the Russian (Soviet Union) in different historical periods and the mistakes made in the process of the process of ethnic and national conflicts are the undeniable important factors. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to review the national policy of the Russian (Soviet Union) in the different historical stages, and to sum up the successes and losses and the lessons of it, not only has the important academic value but also has great practical significance. This article is composed of five The first chapter, in general, reviews the history of the problem of Chechnya and the development of the reality, in order to carry out the full text. The second chapter and the fourth chapter are the main body of the article, and the history of the policy of the Chechen nation in the three periods of the tsar Russia, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation are systematically expounded and analyzed. The article is of the view that the czar russia is carrying out the policy of the great russian chauvinism, and for the long-term brutal suppression and rule of the Chechen people, and buried in the psychological of the Chechen people who have been conquered as the "Chen Min". > The seeds of the October Revolution. The victory of the October Revolution was to resolve the complex national problems, including Chechnya. The Russian leader, who is a representative of Lenin, used the Marxist national theory to guide the national work and solve the national problems, and formulated and implemented a series of national policies aimed at the actual situation of the national relations. However, in the late period of Stalin's ruling until the period of Brezhnev, despite the fact that the Soviet Union still has some achievements in the process of the national problem, due to the wrong understanding of the process of the socialist development and the problems of the nationality, and the traditional Chinese nationalism, The Negative Influence of the Soviet Union's National Policy A major mistake. The three-scale persecution of the innocent of the Chechen people has greatly hurt the feelings of the Chechen people and buried the Chechen problem later. The "public" in the period of Gorbachev's national hatred "," in fact, is the breakaway force of the Chechen separatist forces that have been strongly dissatisfied with Russia. " in that course of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the problem of Chechnya is increasingly face by the Russian authorities An urgent issue. In the two phases of Yeltsin and Putin, the Russian government has a policy of the problem of the Chechen nation. in a major difference, Yeltsin's government was first to compromise that separatist forces of the republic of Chechnya, until the separation of the republic of Chechnya and the direct threat to the unity of the Russian state would have to be waged for the first time The war in Chechnya. After Mr. Putin came to power, he learned the lessons of the past and adopted a powerful means to contain and strike the separatist forces in Chechnya. However, as a result of the constraints of many factors, the problem of the Chechen problem is thoroughly solved The fifth chapter summarizes the historical enlightenment of the problem of the Chechen nation from five aspects: the long-term, the complexity, the international, the sensitivity and the importance of the national problem must be kept awake; it is necessary to attach great importance to the economy of the minority areas The development of the society and the continuous improvement of the people's living standard and the self-development ability in the minority areas: it is necessary to attach great importance to the cultivation of the use of the national cadres, to adhere to the strict requirements of high standards, to care for the care and to let go of the use of the people, and to correctly handle the centralism and the nation The relationship between the decentralization of the region, the unification of the state and the national autonomous areas, the clear determination of the relationship between the rights and obligations between the central government and the national autonomous areas, and the determination of the extremist ethnic separatist forces that endanger the sovereignty of the State and undermine the territorial integrity must be determined resolutely.
【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：D751.2
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