【摘要】： 本文認為現(xiàn)代化是一個從傳統(tǒng)社會向現(xiàn)代社會轉變的過程,這一過程勢必涉及到經(jīng)濟、政治、社會以及價值觀念等領域的系統(tǒng)性變遷,尤其是涉及到國家制度體系和國家意識形態(tài)上的變遷�，F(xiàn)代化的實踐已經(jīng)證明,國家建構是現(xiàn)代化的政治前提。離開了這個前提,現(xiàn)代化便無從下手。與現(xiàn)代化相伴生的現(xiàn)代國家具有雙重特性:一是民族國家;二是民主國家。其中,現(xiàn)代國家的特性之維——民族國家的建構為現(xiàn)代化提供了必要的制度前提和強大的發(fā)展動力、以及穩(wěn)定的秩序保障,現(xiàn)代國家的特性之維——民主國家的建構為現(xiàn)代化提供了合法的政治條件。民族國家指的是現(xiàn)代國家的組織形式,以主權為中心;民主國家指的是現(xiàn)代國家的制度體系,以主權在民為合法性基礎,二者共同作用于現(xiàn)代國家建構之中。自現(xiàn)代化以來,由于現(xiàn)代國家已不再是一架純粹的靠強力和武力決定自己的政治組織形式,而是一個人們相互交往以不斷尋求相互理解和取得價值共識的動態(tài)持續(xù)的合法化構建過程。因此,在這個構建的過程中,國家建構離不開教育,尤其是離不開公民教育的形塑。因為,民族國家需要公民教育的社會整合功能以實現(xiàn)民族認同和國家的一體化建設,民主國家的建構則需要公民教育的民主化功能以實現(xiàn)民主觀念的傳播和公民參與的培育,進而推進國家的民主化進程。而且,公民教育的功能取向又往往因現(xiàn)代化進程中各國民族與民主建構特性的不同呈現(xiàn)出不同的表現(xiàn)。因此,本文認為從國家建構的維度,以國家建構為介質研究美國現(xiàn)代化與公民教育的關系問題就成為一個順理成章的問題。 美國是個高度發(fā)達的現(xiàn)代化國家,也是一個民族國家與民主國家同步建構的國家。本文認為美國現(xiàn)代化的醞釀時期,既是其民族國家與民主國家同步建構的初創(chuàng)時期,也是公民教育被認為是形成民族特點、培養(yǎng)社會凝聚力、推動民主共和觀念的發(fā)軔時期。現(xiàn)代化轉變時期,是美國實現(xiàn)從農(nóng)業(yè)社會向工業(yè)社會過渡的重要階段,國家的秩序、穩(wěn)定和一體化建設成為國家建構的主要任務。此時,公民教育的社會整合功能逐漸凸顯并成為最突出的特征,公民教育被視為實現(xiàn)民族認同和國家統(tǒng)一的最有力工具�，F(xiàn)代化成熟時期,伴隨著美國城市化和工業(yè)化的快速邁進,美國公民的民主權利訴求得以上升,公民教育的民主化功能不斷推進。同時,這段時間也是美國民族主義極端發(fā)展的時期,美西戰(zhàn)爭、一戰(zhàn)、二戰(zhàn)的接連發(fā)生使公民教育一度出現(xiàn)國家主義甚至軍國主義的色彩。20世紀70年代以來,伴隨著新保守主義的興起,美國國家建構在注重自由和平等的同時加強了政府權威的維護,民族主義與愛國主義相互融合,相互促進。同時,為適應這一時期國家建構的需要,“積極的公民資格”應運而生,培養(yǎng)有知識、有思想、有責任和能參與的公民成為公民教育的奮斗目標。無論是強調公民對其所屬政治社群的認同感和歸屬感的社群主義公民教育也好,還是倡導文化的多元性、承認文化之間的平等和相互影響的多元文化主義的公民教育也好,都相對注重了公民教育的社會整合功能和民主化功能的協(xié)調統(tǒng)一。 總之,從美國現(xiàn)代化進程中的國家建構與公民教育的關系來看,本文認為公民資格無疑成為美國現(xiàn)代國家建構與公民教育的關系維度,一方面公民資格體現(xiàn)了國家建構的內在要求,另一方面公民資格需要公民教育的形塑。而且,在現(xiàn)代化的進程中美國國家建構也會因不同時期現(xiàn)代化建設的不同要求而在其建構的兩種維度——民族與民主之間表現(xiàn)不同的側重。盡管在國家建構的過程中,美國始終稱自己是民主立國的典范,往往忽視民族以及民族國家在其建構中的作用。然而,縱觀美國現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展演變的歷程,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),從建國起其民族國家建構總體上在國家建構中具有絕對優(yōu)勢,而民主國家建構則具有相對優(yōu)勢。而且,其國家建構中兩種維度的張力一直主導著公民教育的功能取向。公民教育的社會整合功能在其國家建構中具有絕對位置,而公民教育的民主化功能則在其國家建構中具有相對位置。公民教育的功能傾向往往因國家建構中兩種維度的內部張力而一直受其制約和影響。
[Abstract]:This paper holds that modernization is a process from the traditional society to the modern society, which is bound to the systematic changes in the fields of economy, politics, society and value, especially the system of the state system and the change of the national ideology. The practice of modernization has proved that the construction of the country is the political premise of modernization. After leaving this premise, the modernization has not been done. The modern state associated with the modernization has the dual character: one is the national and the second is the democratic country. The construction of the dimension _ national state of the modern state provides the necessary system premises and strong development power, as well as the stable order guarantee, and the construction of the dimension _ democratic state of the characteristic of the modern state provides the legal political conditions for the modernization. The nation's state refers to the form of the organization of the modern state, with the sovereignty as the center; the democratic state refers to the system of the modern state, and based on the people as the basis of the legitimacy, the two act together in the construction of the modern state. Since the modernization, since the modern country is no longer a pure force and force to decide the form of its own political organization, it is a dynamic and continuous legalized construction process of people's interaction with each other to seek mutual understanding and achieve the value consensus. Therefore, in the course of this construction, the construction of the country can not be separated from the education, especially the shape of the civic education. Because, the nation state needs the social integration function of the civic education to realize the national identity and the nation's integration construction, the construction of the democratic country needs the democratic function of the civic education to realize the dissemination of the democratic idea and the cultivation of the citizen's participation, so as to advance the country's democratization process. Moreover, the function orientation of civic education is often different from the characteristics of national and democratic construction in the process of modernization. Therefore, the paper holds that the problem of the relationship between the modernization of the United States and the education of the citizens is the problem of the construction of the nation from the dimension of the construction of the nation and the construction of the nation as the medium. The United States is a highly developed and modern country, and it is also a national and democratic nation. This paper holds that the brewing time of the modernization of the United States is not only the start-up period of the synchronous construction of the national and the democratic countries, but also the development of the citizen's education is regarded as the formation of the national character, the development of the social cohesion and the promotion of the democratic republic. The period of modernization is the important stage of the transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society, and the order, stability and integration of the country become the main part of the nation's construction. At this time, the social integration function of civic education is becoming more and more prominent and becomes the most prominent feature, and the civic education is regarded as the most important to realize the national identity and the national unity In the modern and mature period, with the rapid development of the urbanization and industrialization of the United States, the demand of the democratic rights of the citizens of the United States is rising, and the democratic function of the civic education does not At the same time, this time is also the period of the extreme development of the American nationalism, the war of the United States, the World War I, the succession of the Second World War, which once had the color of nationalism and even militarism. Since the 1970s, the new conservatism was accompanied by neoconservatism. The rise of the state of the United States has strengthened the maintenance of the authority of the government while paying attention to freedom and equality, and the nationalism and the patriotism are fused with each other. At the same time, in order to adapt to the needs of the construction of the nation in this period, the 鈥減ositive citizenship鈥，

本文編號：2421028