中美應(yīng)急管理體系與科技支撐的現(xiàn)況及比較研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-13 09:28
【摘要】：目的在比較中國與美國應(yīng)急管理體系的基礎(chǔ)上,調(diào)查分析廣東省應(yīng)急管理科技支撐體系的發(fā)展現(xiàn)況,借鑒美國的先進經(jīng)驗,根據(jù)我國國情,提出提升應(yīng)急科技水平、完善我國應(yīng)急管理體系的思路。 方法利用文獻檢索和現(xiàn)場調(diào)查收集資料與數(shù)據(jù),后者包括走訪廣東省內(nèi)外應(yīng)急管理部門,以及對高校、研究機構(gòu)的現(xiàn)場考察,專家座談和問卷調(diào)查等方式；采用文獻分析法、比較分析法和描述性流行病學(xué)分析等方法進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。 結(jié)果 1.美國應(yīng)急管理體系經(jīng)過200多年的建設(shè),形成了全民參與的預(yù)防文化,應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系較為完備,建立了以獨立的應(yīng)急職能機構(gòu)一國土安全部為龍頭的應(yīng)急體制,具有“統(tǒng)一管理、屬地為主、分級響應(yīng)、標準運行”的應(yīng)急機制,應(yīng)急法制全面、具體、專門化和體系化。 2.中國應(yīng)急管理體系起步于2003年,目前仍處于政府主導(dǎo)的反應(yīng)文化階段：應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系初步形成,應(yīng)急預(yù)案可操作性、鏈接性等方面正在逐步完善；應(yīng)急體制以“行政長官負責(zé)制”為特色,多種形式的應(yīng)急機構(gòu)并存,應(yīng)急管理辦公室為辦事機構(gòu)；應(yīng)急機制以“統(tǒng)一指揮、功能齊全、反應(yīng)靈敏、運轉(zhuǎn)高效”為目標,評估考核機制正在形成中；應(yīng)急法制權(quán)威性有待加強,大多數(shù)地方性應(yīng)急法規(guī)尚未出臺。 3.廣東省應(yīng)急科技支撐現(xiàn)狀(1)19個地級市中近半數(shù)已編制應(yīng)急管理科技規(guī)劃；(2)省政府和各應(yīng)急管理機構(gòu)均建立了各類專業(yè)人才庫,成立了專家組；(3)受訪的63家高等院校和科研單位中,65.08%(41家)擁有應(yīng)急管理相關(guān)科研機構(gòu),從事事故災(zāi)難類相關(guān)研究的科研機構(gòu)最多(33所)；(4)省應(yīng)急平臺初步建成,與19個地級市、18個應(yīng)急委成員單位應(yīng)急平臺實現(xiàn)互聯(lián)互通,部門的應(yīng)急平臺尚未能互聯(lián)互通,信息不能共享；(5)省海洋漁業(yè)局開發(fā)了專業(yè)軟件,珠海市、湛江市開展了相關(guān)應(yīng)急研究；(6)63所高等院校和科研機構(gòu)中,42家單位2005年以來承擔(dān)應(yīng)急管理相關(guān)研究課題586項,其中研究開發(fā)22項,推廣應(yīng)用17項,獲取國家專利7項；其中科研經(jīng)費在500萬以上僅為39.5%；(7)34所高等院校和科研機構(gòu)開展的應(yīng)急活動以事故災(zāi)難類和公共衛(wèi)生類較多。 結(jié)論 1.中國與美國的應(yīng)急管理體系存在較大差異性。我國突發(fā)事件應(yīng)急管理體系起步較晚,但已經(jīng)初步形成了具有中國特色的應(yīng)急管理體系,具有自身的優(yōu)勢,行政首長負責(zé)制的應(yīng)急體制符合中國國情,社會動員能力是美國所遙不可及的；美國應(yīng)急管理體系比較完善,在預(yù)防文化的建設(shè)、應(yīng)急救援隊伍的組建與培訓(xùn)以及應(yīng)急科技支撐體系的建設(shè)等方面更具特色。我國應(yīng)急管理體系目前仍然存在許多缺陷與不足,可以借鑒美國應(yīng)急管理體系先進經(jīng)驗,逐步提高和完善。 2.廣東省應(yīng)急管理工作走在全國前列,形成“廣東應(yīng)急模式”。但是廣東省應(yīng)急科技支撐水平與其經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平還不相適應(yīng),不能滿足應(yīng)對突發(fā)事件的需要。必須不斷加強應(yīng)急科技支撐體系的建設(shè),不斷提高應(yīng)對突發(fā)事件的科技支撐水平,才能滿足應(yīng)急管理的現(xiàn)實需要。 3.通過中美應(yīng)急管理體系比較,結(jié)合我國國情,應(yīng)該主要從建立預(yù)防文化、組建“大部制”應(yīng)急體制、科技應(yīng)急、法制先行四個方面學(xué)習(xí)與借鑒美國的經(jīng)驗。 4.在學(xué)習(xí)與借鑒美國應(yīng)急管理的成功做法和經(jīng)驗的同時,進一步發(fā)展我國應(yīng)急管理體系的優(yōu)勢,推廣適合我國國情的“廣東應(yīng)急模式”,逐步完善中國特色應(yīng)急管理體系,使應(yīng)急管理工作走向常態(tài)化、基層化、社會化、科學(xué)化、有序化。
[Abstract]:Objective On the basis of comparing the emergency management systems of China and the United States, this paper investigates and analyzes the development status of the scientific and technological support system for emergency management in Guangdong Province.
Methods Literature retrieval and field investigation were used to collect data and data, the latter included visiting emergency management departments inside and outside Guangdong Province, as well as on-the-spot investigation of universities and research institutions, expert discussion and questionnaire survey, etc. Literature analysis, comparative analysis and descriptive epidemiological analysis were used to analyze the data.
Result
1. After more than 200 years of construction, the emergency management system in the United States has formed a culture of prevention with the participation of the whole people. The emergency plan system is relatively complete, and an emergency system has been established with an independent emergency functional agency, the Department of Homeland Security, as the lead. It has a "unified management, territorial-based, graded response, standard operation" emergency mechanism and a comprehensive emergency legal system. Specifically, specialization and systematization.
2. China's emergency management system started in 2003, and is still in the stage of government-led response culture: the initial formation of the emergency plan system, the operability of the emergency plan, links and other aspects are gradually improving; the emergency system is characterized by "Chief Executive Responsibility System", a variety of forms of emergency agencies coexist, and the Emergency Management Office is Office; Emergency mechanism to "unified command, complete functions, responsive, efficient operation" as the goal, evaluation and assessment mechanism is in the process of formation; Emergency legal authority needs to be strengthened, most of the local emergency laws and regulations have not yet been issued.
3. The status quo of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province (1) Nearly half of the 19 prefecture-level cities have formulated emergency management science and technology planning; (2) The provincial government and various emergency management institutions have established various professional talent pools and established expert groups; (3) Of the 63 universities and research institutes interviewed, 65.08% (41) have emergency management-related scientific research institutions and are engaged in emergency management. Therefore, there are 33 scientific research institutes for disaster-related research; (4) Provincial emergency platform has been preliminarily built, and 19 prefecture-level cities, 18 emergency committee member units of the emergency platform to achieve interconnection and interoperability, the emergency platform has not yet been interconnected and interoperable departments, information can not be shared; (5) Provincial Marine Fisheries Bureau has developed professional software, Zhuhai, Zhanjiang launched a phase. (6) Of the 63 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, 42 have undertaken 586 emergency management-related research projects since 2005, of which 22 have been developed, 17 have been popularized and applied, and 7 have been granted national patents; of these, only 39.5% have received research funds of more than 5 million; (7) 34 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions have carried out emergency activities to promote emergency management. There are more accident disasters and public health.
conclusion
1. Emergency management systems in China and the United States are quite different. Emergency management systems in China started late, but have initially formed an emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, which has its own advantages. The emergency management system of the Chief Executive Responsibility System is in line with China's national conditions, and the social mobilization capacity is beyond the reach of the United States. The emergency management system in the United States is relatively perfect, and has more characteristics in the construction of prevention culture, the formation and training of emergency rescue teams and the construction of emergency science and technology support system.
2. Guangdong Province's emergency management work is in the forefront of the whole country, forming the "Guangdong Emergency Model". However, the level of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province is not compatible with its economic development level and can not meet the needs of dealing with emergencies. Only in this way can we meet the realistic needs of emergency management.
3. By comparing the emergency management system between China and the United States, we should learn from the experience of the United States in four aspects: establishing a preventive culture, setting up a "large-scale" emergency system, scientific and technological emergency response, and legal precedence.
4. While learning and drawing lessons from the successful practices and experiences of American emergency management, we should further develop the advantages of our emergency management system, popularize the "Guangdong emergency mode" suitable for our national conditions, gradually improve the emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, and make the emergency management work normalized, grassroots, socialized, scientific and orderly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：暨南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D630;D771.2
本文編號：2240759
[Abstract]:Objective On the basis of comparing the emergency management systems of China and the United States, this paper investigates and analyzes the development status of the scientific and technological support system for emergency management in Guangdong Province.
Methods Literature retrieval and field investigation were used to collect data and data, the latter included visiting emergency management departments inside and outside Guangdong Province, as well as on-the-spot investigation of universities and research institutions, expert discussion and questionnaire survey, etc. Literature analysis, comparative analysis and descriptive epidemiological analysis were used to analyze the data.
Result
1. After more than 200 years of construction, the emergency management system in the United States has formed a culture of prevention with the participation of the whole people. The emergency plan system is relatively complete, and an emergency system has been established with an independent emergency functional agency, the Department of Homeland Security, as the lead. It has a "unified management, territorial-based, graded response, standard operation" emergency mechanism and a comprehensive emergency legal system. Specifically, specialization and systematization.
2. China's emergency management system started in 2003, and is still in the stage of government-led response culture: the initial formation of the emergency plan system, the operability of the emergency plan, links and other aspects are gradually improving; the emergency system is characterized by "Chief Executive Responsibility System", a variety of forms of emergency agencies coexist, and the Emergency Management Office is Office; Emergency mechanism to "unified command, complete functions, responsive, efficient operation" as the goal, evaluation and assessment mechanism is in the process of formation; Emergency legal authority needs to be strengthened, most of the local emergency laws and regulations have not yet been issued.
3. The status quo of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province (1) Nearly half of the 19 prefecture-level cities have formulated emergency management science and technology planning; (2) The provincial government and various emergency management institutions have established various professional talent pools and established expert groups; (3) Of the 63 universities and research institutes interviewed, 65.08% (41) have emergency management-related scientific research institutions and are engaged in emergency management. Therefore, there are 33 scientific research institutes for disaster-related research; (4) Provincial emergency platform has been preliminarily built, and 19 prefecture-level cities, 18 emergency committee member units of the emergency platform to achieve interconnection and interoperability, the emergency platform has not yet been interconnected and interoperable departments, information can not be shared; (5) Provincial Marine Fisheries Bureau has developed professional software, Zhuhai, Zhanjiang launched a phase. (6) Of the 63 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, 42 have undertaken 586 emergency management-related research projects since 2005, of which 22 have been developed, 17 have been popularized and applied, and 7 have been granted national patents; of these, only 39.5% have received research funds of more than 5 million; (7) 34 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions have carried out emergency activities to promote emergency management. There are more accident disasters and public health.
conclusion
1. Emergency management systems in China and the United States are quite different. Emergency management systems in China started late, but have initially formed an emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, which has its own advantages. The emergency management system of the Chief Executive Responsibility System is in line with China's national conditions, and the social mobilization capacity is beyond the reach of the United States. The emergency management system in the United States is relatively perfect, and has more characteristics in the construction of prevention culture, the formation and training of emergency rescue teams and the construction of emergency science and technology support system.
2. Guangdong Province's emergency management work is in the forefront of the whole country, forming the "Guangdong Emergency Model". However, the level of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province is not compatible with its economic development level and can not meet the needs of dealing with emergencies. Only in this way can we meet the realistic needs of emergency management.
3. By comparing the emergency management system between China and the United States, we should learn from the experience of the United States in four aspects: establishing a preventive culture, setting up a "large-scale" emergency system, scientific and technological emergency response, and legal precedence.
4. While learning and drawing lessons from the successful practices and experiences of American emergency management, we should further develop the advantages of our emergency management system, popularize the "Guangdong emergency mode" suitable for our national conditions, gradually improve the emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, and make the emergency management work normalized, grassroots, socialized, scientific and orderly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：暨南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D630;D771.2
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