本文選題：美國(guó) + 公共產(chǎn)品��； 參考：《遼寧大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)由市場(chǎng)供給到政府供給,再回到市場(chǎng)的演進(jìn)歷程。從經(jīng)驗(yàn)上看,公共產(chǎn)品供給的主體包括政府、市場(chǎng)和個(gè)體自愿組成的公益組織。其中,政府和市場(chǎng)交替發(fā)揮著主導(dǎo)作用。那么,美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給的演進(jìn)為什么會(huì)經(jīng)歷政府、市場(chǎng)交替主導(dǎo)的發(fā)展歷程呢?哪些因素促成了美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給的演進(jìn)軌跡?本文以美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給的演進(jìn)為研究對(duì)象,以其演進(jìn)過(guò)程中的動(dòng)力機(jī)制為邏輯主線,探討了不同時(shí)期美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)、運(yùn)作機(jī)制和績(jī)效與問(wèn)題。通過(guò)研究美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)的規(guī)律,有助于厘清公共產(chǎn)品供給中政府和市場(chǎng)的作用,對(duì)當(dāng)今全球性的以變革公共產(chǎn)品供給結(jié)構(gòu)和方式為核心的政府改革提供有力的解釋,從而為中國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給的變革提供有意義的借鑒。 公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)實(shí)際上就是各種供給主體關(guān)系的變遷。在美國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展的不同階段,各主體在公共產(chǎn)品供給中的作用是不同的,由此形成了公共產(chǎn)品供給的演進(jìn)軌跡。主體關(guān)系的變遷可以看作公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)的外在表現(xiàn),而經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)等因素則構(gòu)成了公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力機(jī)制。 本文以美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)為研究對(duì)象,重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了如下研究:(1)在借鑒前人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)公共產(chǎn)品的供給理論進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的梳理和總結(jié);(2)查閱美國(guó)的社會(huì)史和經(jīng)濟(jì)史的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),為公共產(chǎn)品供給的演進(jìn)軌跡尋找經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。(3)研究美國(guó)正在進(jìn)行的政府改革,分析美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給的現(xiàn)狀。(4)提出了本文的研究視角,即公共產(chǎn)品供給函數(shù),以此為線索探求美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力機(jī)制。 全文由緒論、五章內(nèi)容和結(jié)束語(yǔ)組成: 緒論首先闡述了本論文的研究背景和研究意義,然后對(duì)美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)軌跡做了縱向概覽。最后,在界定本文的主要概念的基礎(chǔ)上簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明了本文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排。 第一章關(guān)于公共產(chǎn)品供給的理論綜述。本章第一節(jié)闡述了公共產(chǎn)品的政府供給理論。20世紀(jì)50年代以前的政治學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的主流觀點(diǎn)都堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,提供公共產(chǎn)品是專屬于政府的一項(xiàng)基本職能,滿足社會(huì)公共需要的公共產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該而且只能由政府來(lái)提供。第二節(jié)闡述了公共產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)供給理論。20世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái),科斯、公共選擇理論的代表人物布坎南等人深入探討了市場(chǎng)對(duì)公共產(chǎn)品的提供�？扑挂詿羲䴙槔�,對(duì)市場(chǎng)供給公共產(chǎn)品的有效性進(jìn)行了經(jīng)驗(yàn)分析。而公共選擇理論則完全推翻了以往所認(rèn)為的存在于政府和公共產(chǎn)品之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,認(rèn)為沒(méi)有任何邏輯理由證明公共產(chǎn)品必須由政府官僚機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)提供,明確主張應(yīng)盡可能地實(shí)現(xiàn)公共產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)提供。第三節(jié)論述了近年來(lái)公共產(chǎn)品供給理論的多元化發(fā)展。最后提出了本文的分析維度和分析工具,并對(duì)分析工具——公共產(chǎn)品的供給函數(shù)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)解釋。 第二章探討了羅斯福新政之前美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品的供給。這一時(shí)期,由于受自由放任的思想和美國(guó)文化傳統(tǒng)的影響,加上政府財(cái)力有限,美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品的供給以市場(chǎng)提供為主,不僅準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品和福利性公共產(chǎn)品主要由私人部門或社會(huì)公益組織提供,甚至治安這一純公共產(chǎn)品也有私人部門涉足。政府的作用是次要的,政府或者通過(guò)對(duì)私人公司贈(zèng)予土地、提供貸款等方式間接供給基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施類公共產(chǎn)品;或者直接提供少量的公立教育和社會(huì)救濟(jì)。由于私人部門以營(yíng)利為目的,缺乏政府監(jiān)管的公共產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生了部分公共產(chǎn)品供給不足、質(zhì)量低下、腐敗等諸多弊病。 第三章闡述了羅斯福新政到20世紀(jì)70年代末美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品的供給。這段時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)是政府供給公共產(chǎn)品大規(guī)模擴(kuò)張。在工業(yè)革命帶來(lái)的巨大生產(chǎn)力和社會(huì)變遷的推動(dòng)下,受凱恩斯主義理論的影響,美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品的供給規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)都發(fā)生了根本性的變化。政府不僅直接供給基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、教育、醫(yī)療等公共產(chǎn)品,而且建立了社會(huì)保障制度,為人們提供全面的保障和福利,大大擴(kuò)張了公共產(chǎn)品的規(guī)模。政府直接供給公共產(chǎn)品,采用創(chuàng)辦政府企業(yè)和公共事業(yè)、公共機(jī)構(gòu)以及政府間協(xié)議等方式。政府供給公共產(chǎn)品的擴(kuò)張,在改善人們生活的同時(shí),也帶來(lái)了財(cái)政危機(jī)、信任危機(jī)、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展動(dòng)力衰退等一系列問(wèn)題。 第四章闡述了20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)的美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給的市場(chǎng)化改革。20世紀(jì)70年代發(fā)生的“滯脹”和福利國(guó)家的財(cái)政危機(jī),迫使美國(guó)自80年代開始對(duì)公共產(chǎn)品供給實(shí)行市場(chǎng)化改革。這一輪的市場(chǎng)化改革是以制度、經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)上的可行性為前提條件的,主要采用了合同承包、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)、憑單制和用者付費(fèi)等方式。公共產(chǎn)品供給的市場(chǎng)化為政府減輕了壓力,增加了消費(fèi)者的選擇權(quán)利,也提高了公共產(chǎn)品的供給績(jī)效。但它也不是完美無(wú)缺的,腐敗和對(duì)消費(fèi)者利益的損害伴隨著市場(chǎng)化的改革進(jìn)程。 第五章探討了美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品的志愿事業(yè)供給。志愿供給的主體有個(gè)人,也有組織,這一章闡述了美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品志愿供給的理論基礎(chǔ)、動(dòng)力機(jī)制、實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)及運(yùn)作方式。美國(guó)的志愿供給模式歷史久遠(yuǎn)、成熟規(guī)范,這既與美國(guó)發(fā)達(dá)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和宗教文化傳統(tǒng)有關(guān),也是政府政策促進(jìn)的結(jié)果。志愿事業(yè)機(jī)制的運(yùn)作方式包括無(wú)償捐贈(zèng)、志愿服務(wù)和收費(fèi)服務(wù)。公共產(chǎn)品的志愿供給可以彌補(bǔ)政府和市場(chǎng)的不足,滿足公眾對(duì)公共產(chǎn)品的多樣化需求,但也面臨效果有限、商業(yè)化等問(wèn)題。 在結(jié)束語(yǔ)中,根據(jù)對(duì)美國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品供給演進(jìn)軌跡的分析,提出了對(duì)中國(guó)公共產(chǎn)品改革有益的借鑒。
[Abstract]:The supply of public products in the United States has experienced an evolution from market supply to government supply and then to the market. From experience, the main body of the supply of public goods includes government, market and individual voluntary public welfare organizations. Among them, the government and the market play the leading role alternately. Then, why the evolution of the supply of public products in the United States What are the factors contributing to the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States? This article takes the evolution of the supply of American public goods as the research object and the logic of the dynamic mechanism in the process of its evolution, and probes into the practical experience and operating mechanism of the supply of public products in the United States at different times. And performance and problems. Through the study of the law of the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States, it will help to clarify the role of the government and the market in the supply of public goods, and provide a powerful explanation for the global reform of government reform, which is at the core of the supply structure and mode of the change of public products, so as to provide significance for the reform of the supply of public products in China. Draw lessons from.
The evolution of the supply of public goods is in fact the change of the relationship between the various supply bodies. In the different stages of the development of the United States, the role of the main bodies in the supply of public products is different, thus forming the evolution of the supply of public goods. The change of the relationship of the main body can be regarded as the external manifestation of the supply and evolution of the public products, and the economy, Cultural and social factors constitute the internal driving mechanism of the evolution of public goods supply.
This paper focuses on the research on the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States as follows: (1) on the basis of the achievements of previous studies, the theory of the supply of public goods is systematically combed and summarized; (2) looking up the relevant literature of the social history and economic history of the United States, looking for the empirical basis for the evolution of the supply of public goods. (3) to study the ongoing government reform in the United States and analyze the present situation of the supply of public goods in the United States. (4) the research angle of this paper, that is, the supply function of public products, is used as a clue to explore the internal dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States.
The full text is composed of the introduction, the five chapters and the concluding words.
The introduction first expounds the research background and significance of this paper, and then makes a longitudinal overview of the evolution path of the supply of public goods in the United States. Finally, on the basis of defining the main concepts of this article, the structure of this article is briefly explained.
The first section of this chapter describes the theory of the supply of public goods. The first section of this chapter expounds the theory of government supply of public products in the mainstream of political science and economics before the 50s of.20. It is believed that the provision of public goods is a basic function of the government, and the public products that meet the needs of the community should and can only be provided. Provided by the government. The second section expounds the theory of market supply of public goods in the 50s.20 century, Kos, the representative of the public choice theory Buchanan and others deeply explored the supply of public products. Kos took the lighthouse as an example to analyze the effectiveness of the market supply of public products and the theory of public choice. There is no logical reason to prove that public products must be provided by the government bureaucracy, and that the market for public products should be provided as far as possible. The third section discusses the diversification of the theory of supply of public goods in recent years. Finally, it puts forward the analysis dimensions and analytical tools of this paper, and explains the supply function of public goods in detail.
The second chapter discusses the supply of American public goods before Roosevelt's new deal. This period, due to the influence of laissez faire thought and American cultural tradition, and the limited financial resources of the government, the supply of American public goods is mainly market supply, not only the quasi public products and the welfare public products are mainly from the private sector or the social public welfare group. It provides, even public security, the private sector involved. The role of the government is secondary. The government is either indirectly supplying public goods like infrastructure by giving land to the Private Companies, providing loans and other ways; or directly providing a small amount of public education and social relief. Because the private sector is for profit - making purposes The field of public goods supervised by the lack of government has caused many shortages such as insufficient supply of public goods, low quality, corruption and so on.
The third chapter expounds the supply of American public goods by the late Roosevelt's new deal to the end of the 1970s. This period is characterized by the large-scale expansion of the public products by the government. Under the impetus of the huge productivity and social changes brought by the industrial revolution, the supply scale and structure of the public products in the United States are affected by the influence of the Keynes theory. A fundamental change. The government not only supplies public products such as infrastructure, education, medical care and other public products, but also establishes a social security system to provide people with comprehensive security and welfare, greatly expanding the scale of public products. The government provides direct supply of public products, the establishment of government enterprises and public utilities, public institutions, and the government. The expansion of public products by the government, while improving people's life, has also brought about a series of problems, such as the financial crisis, the crisis of trust, the recession of the social and economic development and so on.
The fourth chapter expounds the market-oriented reform of the supply of public goods in the United States since 1980s. The "stagflation" and the financial crisis of the welfare state in the 70s of.20 century have forced the United States to carry out the market-oriented reform of the supply of public goods since 80s. The market reform of this round is based on the system, economic and technical feasibility. The precondition mainly adopts the contract contract, the franchise, the voucher system and the payee. The market of the public product supply reduces the pressure of the government, increases the consumer's right to choose, and improves the performance of the supply of public goods. But it is not perfect, corruption and the damage to the interests of the consumer are accompanied by the city. The process of the reform of the field.
The fifth chapter discusses the voluntary supply of American public goods. The main body of voluntary supply is individual and organization. This chapter expounds the theoretical basis, dynamic mechanism, practical experience and operation mode of the voluntary supply of public goods in the United States. The American voluntary supply model is long and mature, which is not only with the developed economy and religion of the United States. The cultural tradition is the result of the promotion of government policy. The operation of voluntary mechanism includes voluntary donation, voluntary service and charge service. The voluntary supply of public products can make up the shortage of the government and the market, meet the public demand for the diversification of public products, but also face the problems of Limited effect and commercialization.
In the concluding remarks, based on the analysis of the evolution of US public goods supply, this paper provides useful reference for China's public product reform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：D771.2

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本文編號(hào)：2024081