本文選題：美國 + 公共產品��； 參考：《遼寧大學》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 美國公共產品供給經歷了一個由市場供給到政府供給,再回到市場的演進歷程。從經驗上看,公共產品供給的主體包括政府、市場和個體自愿組成的公益組織。其中,政府和市場交替發(fā)揮著主導作用。那么,美國公共產品供給的演進為什么會經歷政府、市場交替主導的發(fā)展歷程呢?哪些因素促成了美國公共產品供給的演進軌跡?本文以美國公共產品供給的演進為研究對象,以其演進過程中的動力機制為邏輯主線,探討了不同時期美國公共產品供給的實踐經驗、運作機制和績效與問題。通過研究美國公共產品供給演進的規(guī)律,有助于厘清公共產品供給中政府和市場的作用,對當今全球性的以變革公共產品供給結構和方式為核心的政府改革提供有力的解釋,從而為中國公共產品供給的變革提供有意義的借鑒。 公共產品供給演進實際上就是各種供給主體關系的變遷。在美國社會發(fā)展的不同階段,各主體在公共產品供給中的作用是不同的,由此形成了公共產品供給的演進軌跡。主體關系的變遷可以看作公共產品供給演進的外在表現,而經濟、文化和社會等因素則構成了公共產品供給演進的內在動力機制。 本文以美國公共產品供給演進為研究對象,重點進行了如下研究:(1)在借鑒前人研究成果的基礎上,對公共產品的供給理論進行了系統(tǒng)的梳理和總結;(2)查閱美國的社會史和經濟史的相關文獻,為公共產品供給的演進軌跡尋找經驗依據。(3)研究美國正在進行的政府改革,分析美國公共產品供給的現狀。(4)提出了本文的研究視角,即公共產品供給函數,以此為線索探求美國公共產品供給演進的內在動力機制。 全文由緒論、五章內容和結束語組成: 緒論首先闡述了本論文的研究背景和研究意義,然后對美國公共產品供給演進軌跡做了縱向概覽。最后,在界定本文的主要概念的基礎上簡要說明了本文的結構安排。 第一章關于公共產品供給的理論綜述。本章第一節(jié)闡述了公共產品的政府供給理論。20世紀50年代以前的政治學和經濟學的主流觀點都堅持認為,提供公共產品是專屬于政府的一項基本職能,滿足社會公共需要的公共產品應該而且只能由政府來提供。第二節(jié)闡述了公共產品的市場供給理論。20世紀50年代以來,科斯、公共選擇理論的代表人物布坎南等人深入探討了市場對公共產品的提供�？扑挂詿羲䴙槔�,對市場供給公共產品的有效性進行了經驗分析。而公共選擇理論則完全推翻了以往所認為的存在于政府和公共產品之間的對應關系,認為沒有任何邏輯理由證明公共產品必須由政府官僚機構來提供,明確主張應盡可能地實現公共產品的市場提供。第三節(jié)論述了近年來公共產品供給理論的多元化發(fā)展。最后提出了本文的分析維度和分析工具,并對分析工具——公共產品的供給函數進行了詳細解釋。 第二章探討了羅斯福新政之前美國公共產品的供給。這一時期,由于受自由放任的思想和美國文化傳統(tǒng)的影響,加上政府財力有限,美國公共產品的供給以市場提供為主,不僅準公共產品和福利性公共產品主要由私人部門或社會公益組織提供,甚至治安這一純公共產品也有私人部門涉足。政府的作用是次要的,政府或者通過對私人公司贈予土地、提供貸款等方式間接供給基礎設施類公共產品;或者直接提供少量的公立教育和社會救濟。由于私人部門以營利為目的,缺乏政府監(jiān)管的公共產品領域產生了部分公共產品供給不足、質量低下、腐敗等諸多弊病。 第三章闡述了羅斯福新政到20世紀70年代末美國公共產品的供給。這段時期的特點是政府供給公共產品大規(guī)模擴張。在工業(yè)革命帶來的巨大生產力和社會變遷的推動下,受凱恩斯主義理論的影響,美國公共產品的供給規(guī)模和結構都發(fā)生了根本性的變化。政府不僅直接供給基礎設施、教育、醫(yī)療等公共產品,而且建立了社會保障制度,為人們提供全面的保障和福利,大大擴張了公共產品的規(guī)模。政府直接供給公共產品,采用創(chuàng)辦政府企業(yè)和公共事業(yè)、公共機構以及政府間協議等方式。政府供給公共產品的擴張,在改善人們生活的同時,也帶來了財政危機、信任危機、社會經濟發(fā)展動力衰退等一系列問題。 第四章闡述了20世紀80年代以來的美國公共產品供給的市場化改革。20世紀70年代發(fā)生的“滯脹”和福利國家的財政危機,迫使美國自80年代開始對公共產品供給實行市場化改革。這一輪的市場化改革是以制度、經濟和技術上的可行性為前提條件的,主要采用了合同承包、特許經營、憑單制和用者付費等方式。公共產品供給的市場化為政府減輕了壓力,增加了消費者的選擇權利,也提高了公共產品的供給績效。但它也不是完美無缺的,腐敗和對消費者利益的損害伴隨著市場化的改革進程。 第五章探討了美國公共產品的志愿事業(yè)供給。志愿供給的主體有個人,也有組織,這一章闡述了美國公共產品志愿供給的理論基礎、動力機制、實踐經驗及運作方式。美國的志愿供給模式歷史久遠、成熟規(guī)范,這既與美國發(fā)達的經濟和宗教文化傳統(tǒng)有關,也是政府政策促進的結果。志愿事業(yè)機制的運作方式包括無償捐贈、志愿服務和收費服務。公共產品的志愿供給可以彌補政府和市場的不足,滿足公眾對公共產品的多樣化需求,但也面臨效果有限、商業(yè)化等問題。 在結束語中,根據對美國公共產品供給演進軌跡的分析,提出了對中國公共產品改革有益的借鑒。
[Abstract]:The supply of public products in the United States has experienced an evolution from market supply to government supply and then to the market. From experience, the main body of the supply of public goods includes government, market and individual voluntary public welfare organizations. Among them, the government and the market play the leading role alternately. Then, why the evolution of the supply of public products in the United States What are the factors contributing to the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States? This article takes the evolution of the supply of American public goods as the research object and the logic of the dynamic mechanism in the process of its evolution, and probes into the practical experience and operating mechanism of the supply of public products in the United States at different times. And performance and problems. Through the study of the law of the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States, it will help to clarify the role of the government and the market in the supply of public goods, and provide a powerful explanation for the global reform of government reform, which is at the core of the supply structure and mode of the change of public products, so as to provide significance for the reform of the supply of public products in China. Draw lessons from.
The evolution of the supply of public goods is in fact the change of the relationship between the various supply bodies. In the different stages of the development of the United States, the role of the main bodies in the supply of public products is different, thus forming the evolution of the supply of public goods. The change of the relationship of the main body can be regarded as the external manifestation of the supply and evolution of the public products, and the economy, Cultural and social factors constitute the internal driving mechanism of the evolution of public goods supply.
This paper focuses on the research on the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States as follows: (1) on the basis of the achievements of previous studies, the theory of the supply of public goods is systematically combed and summarized; (2) looking up the relevant literature of the social history and economic history of the United States, looking for the empirical basis for the evolution of the supply of public goods. (3) to study the ongoing government reform in the United States and analyze the present situation of the supply of public goods in the United States. (4) the research angle of this paper, that is, the supply function of public products, is used as a clue to explore the internal dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States.
The full text is composed of the introduction, the five chapters and the concluding words.
The introduction first expounds the research background and significance of this paper, and then makes a longitudinal overview of the evolution path of the supply of public goods in the United States. Finally, on the basis of defining the main concepts of this article, the structure of this article is briefly explained.
The first section of this chapter describes the theory of the supply of public goods. The first section of this chapter expounds the theory of government supply of public products in the mainstream of political science and economics before the 50s of.20. It is believed that the provision of public goods is a basic function of the government, and the public products that meet the needs of the community should and can only be provided. Provided by the government. The second section expounds the theory of market supply of public goods in the 50s.20 century, Kos, the representative of the public choice theory Buchanan and others deeply explored the supply of public products. Kos took the lighthouse as an example to analyze the effectiveness of the market supply of public products and the theory of public choice. There is no logical reason to prove that public products must be provided by the government bureaucracy, and that the market for public products should be provided as far as possible. The third section discusses the diversification of the theory of supply of public goods in recent years. Finally, it puts forward the analysis dimensions and analytical tools of this paper, and explains the supply function of public goods in detail.
The second chapter discusses the supply of American public goods before Roosevelt's new deal. This period, due to the influence of laissez faire thought and American cultural tradition, and the limited financial resources of the government, the supply of American public goods is mainly market supply, not only the quasi public products and the welfare public products are mainly from the private sector or the social public welfare group. It provides, even public security, the private sector involved. The role of the government is secondary. The government is either indirectly supplying public goods like infrastructure by giving land to the Private Companies, providing loans and other ways; or directly providing a small amount of public education and social relief. Because the private sector is for profit - making purposes The field of public goods supervised by the lack of government has caused many shortages such as insufficient supply of public goods, low quality, corruption and so on.
The third chapter expounds the supply of American public goods by the late Roosevelt's new deal to the end of the 1970s. This period is characterized by the large-scale expansion of the public products by the government. Under the impetus of the huge productivity and social changes brought by the industrial revolution, the supply scale and structure of the public products in the United States are affected by the influence of the Keynes theory. A fundamental change. The government not only supplies public products such as infrastructure, education, medical care and other public products, but also establishes a social security system to provide people with comprehensive security and welfare, greatly expanding the scale of public products. The government provides direct supply of public products, the establishment of government enterprises and public utilities, public institutions, and the government. The expansion of public products by the government, while improving people's life, has also brought about a series of problems, such as the financial crisis, the crisis of trust, the recession of the social and economic development and so on.
The fourth chapter expounds the market-oriented reform of the supply of public goods in the United States since 1980s. The "stagflation" and the financial crisis of the welfare state in the 70s of.20 century have forced the United States to carry out the market-oriented reform of the supply of public goods since 80s. The market reform of this round is based on the system, economic and technical feasibility. The precondition mainly adopts the contract contract, the franchise, the voucher system and the payee. The market of the public product supply reduces the pressure of the government, increases the consumer's right to choose, and improves the performance of the supply of public goods. But it is not perfect, corruption and the damage to the interests of the consumer are accompanied by the city. The process of the reform of the field.
The fifth chapter discusses the voluntary supply of American public goods. The main body of voluntary supply is individual and organization. This chapter expounds the theoretical basis, dynamic mechanism, practical experience and operation mode of the voluntary supply of public goods in the United States. The American voluntary supply model is long and mature, which is not only with the developed economy and religion of the United States. The cultural tradition is the result of the promotion of government policy. The operation of voluntary mechanism includes voluntary donation, voluntary service and charge service. The voluntary supply of public products can make up the shortage of the government and the market, meet the public demand for the diversification of public products, but also face the problems of Limited effect and commercialization.
In the concluding remarks, based on the analysis of the evolution of US public goods supply, this paper provides useful reference for China's public product reform.
【學位授予單位】：遼寧大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：D771.2

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