本文選題：專家參政 + 進(jìn)步主義時代　； 參考：《南開大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：在20世紀(jì)初的進(jìn)步主義時代，美國政治中出現(xiàn)了一種專家參政的新現(xiàn)象，即一大批以大學(xué)教授為代表的專業(yè)學(xué)者離開了校園，作為專家參與到這一時期的政府事務(wù)之中。這種現(xiàn)象隨著進(jìn)步主義改革的開展而在美國變得越來越普遍和引人注目。1917年美國參加第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，專家參政更是形成了一個前所未有的高潮。 專家參政現(xiàn)象之所以在進(jìn)步主義時代出現(xiàn)，主要是由兩方面的歷史因素所促成。一方面，美國的高等教育在1870年前后揭開了變革的帷幕。這場被后世稱為“大學(xué)革命”的高等教育變革不僅造就了一批現(xiàn)代研究型大學(xué)，還導(dǎo)致了學(xué)術(shù)的專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化，使大學(xué)教員開始真正地成為“以學(xué)術(shù)為業(yè)”的專業(yè)學(xué)者。這些大學(xué)里的專家在社會責(zé)任和服務(wù)理念的驅(qū)使下，愿意走出象牙塔外，參與公共生活，用他們的專業(yè)知識為政府服務(wù)。另一方面，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后的美國經(jīng)歷了城市化和工業(yè)化的全面轉(zhuǎn)型。伴隨著這一進(jìn)程，美國社會中出現(xiàn)了許多技術(shù)性難題和嚴(yán)峻的社會問題。進(jìn)步主義改革者們意識到，這些“工業(yè)－城市”社會的新問題不是昔日“鄉(xiāng)村共和國”時代形成的小而弱的政府可以解決的，也不是僅僅依據(jù)常識、道德和法律知識就能處理的，美國各級政府必須在擴(kuò)大其規(guī)模和職能的同時轉(zhuǎn)而向當(dāng)時出現(xiàn)的大學(xué)里的專家尋求幫助，以期后者能運(yùn)用其專長協(xié)助政府對公共事務(wù)進(jìn)行有效的管理。 這種依靠專家提高政府效率以應(yīng)對工業(yè)化和城市化時代挑戰(zhàn)的理念，使專家參政與進(jìn)步主義改革幾乎成了共生現(xiàn)象。可以說，進(jìn)步主義改革在州政、市政和聯(lián)邦政治層面興起之際，也是專家參政在這些層面出現(xiàn)之時。在州一級進(jìn)步主義改革一馬當(dāng)先的威斯康星州，，“（大）學(xué)、（政）府”之間建立了廣泛合作的關(guān)系，許多威斯康星大學(xué)的教授們都在為州政府提供其所需要的專家服務(wù)。這種專家參政的改革經(jīng)驗被冠以“威斯康星理念”之名而傳遍美國。與此同時，在市政改革進(jìn)行得如火如荼的紐約、芝加哥等大城市，當(dāng)?shù)氐拇髮W(xué)學(xué)者不僅個人作為專家參與市政管理，還成立獨(dú)立的非政府性專家機(jī)構(gòu)來為市政改革服務(wù)。這種獨(dú)立專家機(jī)構(gòu)始于紐約市，很快就在美國50多個城市有了翻版，開公共管理思想庫之先河。聯(lián)邦政治中的專家參政則以1901年西奧多·羅斯福入主白宮為標(biāo)志，在科技、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)管和外交等領(lǐng)域形成不可逆轉(zhuǎn)之勢，并在其后的塔夫脫和威爾遜兩屆總統(tǒng)任內(nèi)得以繼續(xù)。到第一次世界大戰(zhàn)美國處于“總體戰(zhàn)爭”的緊急狀況下，專家參政更是擴(kuò)展到了與贏得戰(zhàn)爭有關(guān)的所有領(lǐng)域，在廣度和深度上都不是和平時期可以比擬的。 誠然，在1900至1920年的進(jìn)步主義時期，以大學(xué)教授為代表的學(xué)術(shù)界人士積極參與公共事務(wù)，協(xié)助政府解決國家政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會領(lǐng)域直至戰(zhàn)爭中的各種疑難問題，不僅幫助社會轉(zhuǎn)型時期的美國政府改善了治理能力和政府效率，促進(jìn)了美國現(xiàn)代國家的構(gòu)建，而且實現(xiàn)了專業(yè)化學(xué)術(shù)的社會價值，提高了大學(xué)以及學(xué)者在美國社會中的地位。但是，我們也必須注意到，專家參政在具體實踐中也產(chǎn)生了一些違背民意的消極結(jié)果。更重要的是，我們不能過高估計大學(xué)學(xué)者作為政府專家在美國政治中的實際作用和影響。說到底，那些在政府中扮演專家角色的大學(xué)學(xué)者主要承擔(dān)的是技術(shù)性、咨詢性和執(zhí)行性的職能，他們與政治權(quán)力的中心還有一定距離。專家參政絕不等于專家治國。
[Abstract]:In the progressive era of the early twentieth Century, a new phenomenon of expert participation in the politics of the United States appeared in the American politics. A large number of professional scholars, represented by university professors, left the campus and participated as experts in the government affairs of this period. This phenomenon became more and more common in the United States with the development of progressive reform. People pay attention to.1917. After the United States participated in the first World War, experts participated in politics and formed an unprecedented climax.
The phenomenon of expert participation appeared in the progressive era, mainly caused by two historical factors. On the one hand, the higher education in the United States opened the curtain of change before and after the 1870. The higher education reform, known as the "University revolution" by the later generations, not only created a batch of modern research universities, but also led to academic research. The professionalization and professionalization of the university faculty began to truly become a "academic" professional. In these universities, the experts, driven by social responsibility and service concepts, were willing to go out of the ivory tower, participate in public life and serve the government with their professional knowledge. On the other hand, after the civil war, the United States had experienced urbanization and its experience. With the overall transformation of industrialization, with this process, there are many technical problems and serious social problems in American society. Progressives reformers realize that the new problems of these "industrial cities" society are not solved by the small, weak governments of the former "rural Republic" era, and not only based on it. Common sense, moral and legal knowledge can be dealt with. At the same time, governments at all levels in the United States must seek help from experts in universities that have appeared at the same time, while expanding their size and functions, so that the latter can use their expertise to help the government to manage public affairs effectively.
The idea of relying on experts to improve government efficiency in response to the challenges of the era of industrialization and urbanization has made the participation of experts and progressives almost a symbiotic phenomenon. It can be said that progressialist reform is at the time of State Administration, municipal and federal politics, and also when experts participate in these levels. Progressives at the state level In Wisconsin, the reform of the state of Wisconsin, the "(big) school and the government" established a broad cooperative relationship, and many professors at the University of Wisconsin were providing the state government with the expert services it needed. The experience of the reform of the experts was spread to the United States as the name of the "Wisconsin concept". In big cities such as New York, Chicago and other big cities, local academics not only participated in municipal administration as experts, but also established independent non-governmental experts to serve the municipal reform. This independent expert system began in New York, and has quickly reopened the more than 50 cities in the United States and opened the public management thought library. Expert participation in federal politics, marked by Theodore Roosevelt in the White House in 1901, formed an irreversible trend in the fields of science, technology, social and economic supervision and diplomacy, and continued in the subsequent two presidents of Taft and Wilson. To the first World War, the United States was in a "general war" emergency. In the meantime, the participation of experts in politics is extended to all fields related to winning wars, but not in breadth and depth.
It is true that during the progressive period from 1900 to 1920, the academics represented by university professors were actively involved in public affairs and helped the government to solve various difficult problems in the political, economic, social and war areas of the country, which not only helped the American government in the period of social transition to improve its governance and government efficiency, but also promoted the United States. The construction of a modern country has realized the social value of professional chemistry and improved the status of universities and scholars in the American society. However, we must also note that experts' participation in politics has also produced some negative results against public opinion. More importantly, we can not overestimate the university scholars as a government specialist. In the end, college scholars who play expert roles in the government are mainly responsible for technical, advisory and executive functions, and they have a certain distance from the center of political power. Expert participation is not equal to the rule of experts.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K712.51;D771.2

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