本文選題：普京道路 + 歷史文化視角　； 參考：《黑龍江大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：俄國(guó)的專(zhuān)制制度是在俄羅斯領(lǐng)土統(tǒng)一、對(duì)外擴(kuò)張、捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家領(lǐng)土完整和主權(quán)的過(guò)程中形成的,集權(quán)制度在俄國(guó)歷史上發(fā)揮了積極的作用。俄羅斯國(guó)家強(qiáng)大的同時(shí)俄羅斯社會(huì)卻在不斷縮小,經(jīng)濟(jì)落后導(dǎo)致人民的政治參與意識(shí)極低,人民把改善生活的希望寄托在了“好沙皇”身上,而不是建立一個(gè)限制最高權(quán)力的法律機(jī)制。俄國(guó)歷史上的大貴族杜馬、縉紳會(huì)議和國(guó)家杜馬從沒(méi)在政治領(lǐng)域扮演過(guò)重大角色,它們?cè)诙鄶?shù)情況下沒(méi)有立法權(quán)或僅有有限的立法權(quán)。自古以來(lái)俄國(guó)的政治制度就缺乏權(quán)力分享機(jī)制。1993年俄羅斯全民公決通過(guò)的憲法繼承了這一傳統(tǒng)。普京擔(dān)任俄羅斯總統(tǒng)期間利用居高不下的民意支持率和國(guó)家杜馬中統(tǒng)一俄羅斯黨的支持,把1993年憲法規(guī)定的總統(tǒng)權(quán)力變成了政治現(xiàn)實(shí),在俄羅斯建立起了以總統(tǒng)權(quán)力為核心的垂直權(quán)力體系。 對(duì)外擴(kuò)張是俄羅斯外交傳統(tǒng)中的一條主線(xiàn)。沙皇俄國(guó)和社會(huì)主義的蘇聯(lián)都曾采用過(guò)合縱連橫、外交訛詐等手段,憑借強(qiáng)大的軍事力量,獲得了在黑海、波羅的海和太平洋的出海口,把偏居?xùn)|歐一隅的莫斯科公國(guó)變成了橫跨歐亞兩大洲的超級(jí)帝國(guó)。在長(zhǎng)期的對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,俄羅斯人民的愛(ài)國(guó)主義、大國(guó)思想和國(guó)家觀(guān)念不斷得到強(qiáng)化和鞏固。 實(shí)用主義是俄羅斯外交傳統(tǒng)的一個(gè)突出特點(diǎn)。俄羅斯在國(guó)力衰弱時(shí)期,充分施展縱橫捭闔、遠(yuǎn)交近攻、分化離間等實(shí)用主義外交策略,利用大國(guó)之間的矛盾,不惜犧牲他國(guó)的主權(quán)和利益,依然能夠維護(hù)、甚至擴(kuò)大俄羅斯的國(guó)家利益。當(dāng)然,世界各國(guó)也一次次見(jiàn)證了俄羅斯背叛盟友的歷史。 普京提出的“富民強(qiáng)國(guó)”戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)就包含了愛(ài)國(guó)主義、大國(guó)思想和國(guó)家觀(guān)念等內(nèi)容,普京加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)的治國(guó)措施以及恢復(fù)俄羅斯大國(guó)地位的外交政策目標(biāo)符合俄羅斯人心中對(duì)政治強(qiáng)人的期望。普京在實(shí)現(xiàn)俄羅斯國(guó)家利益的過(guò)程中,與俄羅斯歷代統(tǒng)治者一樣,在國(guó)力衰弱之時(shí),采用與西方做交易的實(shí)用主義外交手段;而在國(guó)力恢復(fù)之后,開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)向咄咄逼人的大國(guó)外交,普京繼承了俄國(guó)的地緣政治理論和傳統(tǒng)安全觀(guān)。 “主權(quán)民主”理論集中體現(xiàn)了普京內(nèi)政外交方針的歷史文化繼承性。與俄羅斯歷史上的“莫斯科-第三羅馬”、官方人民性理論一樣,主權(quán)民主同樣也強(qiáng)調(diào)俄羅斯的特殊性,強(qiáng)調(diào)集權(quán)政治制度在俄羅斯的合理性,反對(duì)西方在俄羅斯民主建設(shè)問(wèn)題上指手畫(huà)腳;與歷史上支持俄羅斯謀求歐洲霸權(quán)的“武裝中立宣言”和“神圣同盟”一樣,主權(quán)民主強(qiáng)調(diào)俄羅斯在歐洲和世界上的大國(guó)地位,俄羅斯要在國(guó)際事務(wù)中發(fā)出自己的聲音。大量調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,西方式的自由、民主等政治權(quán)利并不是俄羅斯民眾最重要的價(jià)值追求,對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō),穩(wěn)定、秩序和提高生活水平才是第一位的需求。普京充分考慮到了俄羅斯社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求和歷史文化傳統(tǒng)。 普京的成功在于對(duì)歷史文化傳統(tǒng)的合理?yè)P(yáng)棄。
[Abstract]:Russia's autocratic system was formed in the process of Russian territorial unity, external expansion, and defense of the national territorial integrity and sovereignty. The centralization system played a positive role in the Russian history. Russian society was strong while Russian society was narrowing, and the people's political participation was very low. The hope of improving life lies in the "good czar", rather than establishing a legal mechanism to limit the highest power. The great nobles of Russian history, the gentry and the State Duma have never played a major role in the political field. In most cases, they have no legislative power or limited legislative power. The political system lacks the power sharing mechanism, which inherited this tradition by the constitution passed by the Russian referendum in.1993. As president of Russia, Putin used the high rate of public opinion and the support of the United Russia party in the State Duma to transform the general power stipulated in the 1993 constitution into political reality and to build it in Russia. The vertical power system with the core of presidential power has been established.
The Russian foreign expansion is a main line in the Russian diplomatic tradition. Both the Czar and the socialist Soviet Union, both of the Soviet Union and the socialist Soviet Union, used the means of concomorism, diplomatic blackmail and other means, and by virtue of their powerful military forces, they got the mouth of the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Pacific, and turned the Moscow principality of the East Europe into the two continents. In the long external war, the patriotic spirit of the Russian people, the idea of big powers and the concept of the state have been strengthened and consolidated.
Pragmatism is a prominent feature of the Russian diplomatic tradition. In the period of the weakness of the national strength, Russia has made full use of the pragmatic diplomatic strategies, such as the unity, the far attack, the differentiation and the alienation and other pragmatism, and the use of the contradictions among the great powers, at the expense of the sovereignty and interests of other countries, to maintain and even expand the national interests of Russia. Of course, the world is in the world. All countries have witnessed the history of Russia's betrayal of allies again and again.
The strategic goal of "rich people and great power" put forward by Putin includes patriotism, great powers thought and state concept, and the foreign policy goal of strengthening the centralization of central power by Putin and the foreign policy goal of restoring the status of Russia are in line with the expectations of the Russians in the hearts of the political strong men. In the process of realizing the Russian national interests, Putin is in the process of realizing the Russian national interests. Like the rulers of the past generations of Russia, when the national strength was weak, the pragmatic diplomatic means of trading with the West were adopted, and after the national strength was restored, it began to turn to aggressive power diplomacy, and Putin inherited the Russian geopolitical theory and the traditional security concept.
The theory of "Sovereign Democracy" embodies the historical and cultural inheritance of Putin's internal and foreign policy. Like the "Moscow third Rome" in Russian history, as well as the official theory of people's nature, sovereignty and democracy also emphasizes the particularity of Russia, emphasizes the rationality of the centralized political system in Russia and Ross, and oppose western democracy in Russia. Like the "Declaration of armed neutrality" and "holy alliance", which historically support Russia for European hegemony, sovereign democracy emphasizes Russia's status as a big country in Europe and the world. Russia wants to make its own voice in international affairs. Large survey data show that western style freedom, democracy, etc. Political rights are not the most important value pursuit of the Russian people. For them, stability, order and improvement of living standards are the needs of the first place. Putin fully takes into account the realistic needs of Russian society and the historical and cultural traditions.
Putin's success lies in the rational abandonment of historical and cultural traditions.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：黑龍江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D751.2

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