本文選題：美國政黨 + 選舉政治　； 參考：《中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院》2001年博士論文

【摘要】： 理論假設(shè)：盡管選舉規(guī)則及政治環(huán)境的變化使政黨在選舉政治中的影響在某些方面有 所下降，但是無論是在總統(tǒng)選舉還是在國會選舉中，美國政黨仍然起著十分重要的作用，“為 選舉而存在的政黨”在可見的將來依然會繼續(xù)存在下去。 研究方法：經(jīng)驗分析與計算機社會調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)處理相結(jié)合；理論與實地考察相結(jié)合；在 寫作過程中先進行一般性的分析，然后具體論證，最后得出結(jié)論。 理論框架：美國政黨包含三個部分，一是政黨組織，二是選民中的政黨，三是執(zhí)政黨。 不同部分在不同層次的選舉中的作用不同。政黨組織主要是籌資并為候選人提供間接的經(jīng) 濟支持；選民中的政黨，主要是指政黨認同對選民個體投票行為的影響；執(zhí)政黨對選舉的 影響主要表現(xiàn)為候選人的在職地位對其選舉經(jīng)費和選舉戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)的影響及對選民投票選擇 的影響。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：本論文在簡要回顧美國政黨制度形成和演變的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對當(dāng)代 (1976-2000)美國政黨、選舉制度和選舉程序中的其它重要角色的分析，著重探討了美國 政黨的特點、民主黨與共和黨的基本分歧以及美國政黨衰落的問題。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：與西方其 它國家相比，美國政黨的特點是穩(wěn)固的兩黨制，，無明顯階級區(qū)別，無嚴格意義上的群眾黨 員，無黨中央機構(gòu)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。民主黨與共和黨的基本分歧有：核心選民構(gòu)成的差別、意識形 態(tài)的不同、外交主導(dǎo)思想的分歧、具體政策的不同、心理認同的差異，其中最重要的是心 理認同的差異，這是區(qū)分美國兩黨的重要尺度。關(guān)于美國政黨衰落的問題，原來主要指選 民中的政黨認同減少，最近的研究表明政黨認同的分布雖然有所變化，但純粹的獨立選民 的比例并沒有很大增長。詳細的研究還表明：美國政黨在選舉中的提名作用因直接預(yù)選制 的普及和媒體作用的上升而大為下降，但是政黨認同對選民的投票選擇仍然有巨大影響。 此外，全國性的政黨組織籌款的能力及為聯(lián)邦候選人支出的能力大大加強，州和地方的政 黨組織為聯(lián)邦候選人的競選活動有賴于全國性的政黨組織的支持。在職地位對候選人來說 仍然是一個有利的因素，它給候選人帶來捐款支持、廣泛的知名度及免費政治廣告，尤其 是在國會眾議員的選舉中，在職因素的影響十分明顯。
[Abstract]:Theoretical assumption: despite changes in electoral rules and the political environment, the influence of political parties in electoral politics is in some ways But both in the presidential election and in the congressional election, American political parties still play a very important role. Electoral parties "will continue to exist for the foreseeable future. Research methods: combination of empirical analysis and data processing of computer social survey; combination of theory and field study; In the process of writing, a general analysis, then a concrete argument, finally come to a conclusion. Theoretical framework: American political party consists of three parts, one is party organization, the other is political party among voters, and the third is ruling party. Different parts play different roles in elections at different levels. Political party organizations are primarily fund-raising and provide indirect financial assistance to candidates The influence of political party identity on the voting behavior of an individual. The influence is mainly reflected in the influence of the incumbent position of the candidate on their election funds, election strategy and tactics, and the choice of voters to vote. The impact of On the basis of a brief review of the formation and evolution of the political party system in the United States, this paper analyzes the current situation of the political party system in the United States. An analysis of other important roles in the American political party, electoral system, and electoral process, with emphasis on the United States The characteristics of political parties, the basic differences between Democrats and Republicans, and the decline of American political parties. The results show that: with the West, Compared with its country, American political parties are characterized by a firm two-party system, with no obvious class distinction or strict mass party. There is no leader in the Central Committee of the Party. The basic differences between Democrats and Republicans are: the difference in the composition of the core voters, the form of consciousness The difference of state, the difference of the leading thought of diplomacy, the difference of concrete policy, and the difference of psychological identity, the most important of which is the heart. The difference in rational identity is an important yardstick for distinguishing the two parties in the United States. When it comes to the decline of political parties in the United States, it originally mainly refers to the election. Party identity among the people has declined, and recent research shows that the distribution of party identity has changed, but it is purely independent voters The ratio has not increased much. Detailed research also shows that the nomination role of American political parties in elections is due to the direct pre-election system. Popularity and increased media role have declined, but party identity still has a huge impact on voters' choice of vote. In addition, the ability of national party organizations to raise funds and to spend on federal candidates has been greatly enhanced, and state and local politics have been greatly enhanced The party's campaign for a federal candidate depends on the support of national party organizations. Incumbency for candidates It continues to be a positive factor in bringing donor support, wide visibility and free political advertising to candidates, in particular It is in the election of members of Congress, the influence of the incumbency is very obvious.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2001
【分類號】：D771.2

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 楊積訊;穿越歷史[D];華東政法學(xué)院;2006年

本文編號：1872239