本文選題：官僚制 + 官僚主義��； 參考：《廈門大學(xué)》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 縱觀人類社會(huì)政治發(fā)展的歷史,官僚制幾乎是任何類型的國家都必須依重的國家政治統(tǒng)治與社會(huì)治理體制。從君主專制的古代國家到現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的民主政治國家,從奴隸制國家、封建國家再到資本主義國家和社會(huì)主義國家,恐怕沒有任何一種政治國家能夠離開某種類型的官僚制的運(yùn)作而正常維護(hù)其統(tǒng)治。長期以來,官僚制,特別是19世紀(jì)以前的官僚制,主要是作為一種國家統(tǒng)治的政治手段而存在的。換言之,官僚制是一種維護(hù)少數(shù)統(tǒng)治者(君主或貴族)的利益,并保持其統(tǒng)治穩(wěn)定和長久的工具組織。然而,隨著現(xiàn)代民主國家的逐步建立和發(fā)展,無論何種形式的政治專制統(tǒng)治都已經(jīng)為人們所唾棄,而民主政治已經(jīng)成為歷史發(fā)展的必然趨勢和不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)代潮流。因此,在民主政治的背景下,現(xiàn)代官僚制與民主政治的關(guān)系日益受到關(guān)注和研究。 本文是從厘清“官僚”、“官僚制”與“官僚主義”的概念以及相關(guān)的問題切入并逐步展開的。這樣,既給后面的論述提供了一個(gè)清晰的概念基礎(chǔ),也為論及官僚制與民主政治的主題找到一種緣由。事實(shí)上,與其說官僚制是因?yàn)槠鋵ΜF(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)和作用而為人們所了解,倒不如說是因?yàn)樗墓倭胖髁x弊病所帶來的惡劣影響而使人們印象深刻。所以,本文首先對官僚、官僚制和官僚主義的概念進(jìn)行剖析,以客觀和中性的態(tài)度分析它們之間的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系,并對官僚主義產(chǎn)生的根源以及消除的途徑作了初步的分析和探討。在辨明了基本的概念之后,文章首先按照官僚制歷史發(fā)展的邏輯順序論述了君主專制下的古代官僚制和現(xiàn)代民主政治下的現(xiàn)代官僚制,對它們產(chǎn)生的歷史軌跡和制度特征等進(jìn)行了具體的分析。通過這種分析筆者意在表明,沒有或缺乏民主制度的框架約束,是導(dǎo)致君主專制的古代官僚制肆意侵犯人民的生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)和自由權(quán)利的根源。然而,將官僚制的運(yùn)作置于現(xiàn)代民主政治的約束和控制之下就不存在任何弊端和問題了嗎?顯然,回答是否定的。雖然現(xiàn)代官僚制與民主政治的結(jié)合開辟了官僚制發(fā)展史上的新篇章,但現(xiàn)代官僚制工具理性主義的設(shè)計(jì)也帶來了諸如官僚主義等違背其職責(zé)和職能的問題。因此,如何克服官僚制的弊端以實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的民主政治的問題,自從現(xiàn)代官僚制誕生之日起就一直為人們所關(guān)注、討論和研究。 官僚制與現(xiàn)代民主政治的關(guān)系問題是本文的主題與重心,所以文章的第四、五、六章集中圍繞這一核心展開。本文將官僚制與現(xiàn)代民主政治的關(guān)系定位于一種既互相協(xié)調(diào)又互相對立的關(guān)系。協(xié)調(diào)表明了兩種體制之間的一種體制上的優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)特性,而對立則表明了兩種體制之間的一種沖突和制約。在二者的這種關(guān)系中,文章強(qiáng)調(diào)和突出了現(xiàn)代官僚制與民主政治之間的一種權(quán)力或力量的平衡。這是保證現(xiàn)代國家政治穩(wěn)定和社會(huì)持續(xù)發(fā)展和持久繁榮的最為重要的政治因素。否則,如果國家的權(quán)力和力量偏向于官僚制或民主政治的任何一方,都有可能導(dǎo)致一種危險(xiǎn)的政治體制的出現(xiàn)。而歷史已經(jīng)證明,極權(quán)專制政體或極端民主政體的存在將給國家和社會(huì)發(fā)展帶來了怎樣的災(zāi)難。因此,我們的結(jié)論是,應(yīng)當(dāng)保持現(xiàn)代國家政體模式下現(xiàn)代官僚制與民主政治體制這兩種“子體制”之間的一種權(quán)力或力量的“平衡”。任何一方權(quán)力和力量的過度膨脹都是導(dǎo)致人民的生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)、自由和權(quán)利受到侵犯和傷害的開始,都存在著趨向于一種危險(xiǎn)政治體制的潛在可能。然而,現(xiàn)代國家政治實(shí)踐提供給我們的事實(shí)是,現(xiàn)代國家官僚制的權(quán)力和力量出現(xiàn)了日益擴(kuò)張的趨勢,而民主機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)力和力量卻相對衰落。這種擴(kuò)張已經(jīng)和正在造成對國家政治生活和社會(huì)發(fā)展的不良影響和后果,所以,分析、探索和尋求抑制官僚制膨脹的有效途徑是非常重要而富有意義的。本文述及了韋伯關(guān)于對官僚制進(jìn)行制約與控制的理論設(shè)想,并指出,通過民主機(jī)制的制約、提高官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的民主素質(zhì)和管理水平、下放權(quán)力和解除規(guī)制以及設(shè)立專門機(jī)構(gòu)等是消除官僚制過度擴(kuò)張的主要途徑。 當(dāng)然,現(xiàn)代官僚制與民主政治之間力量均勢關(guān)系的打破與現(xiàn)代國家和社會(huì)發(fā)展的客觀需求直接相關(guān),同時(shí)也是和官僚制自身的組織強(qiáng)勢以及民主力量的弱勢特征分不開的。官僚制適合管理大型社會(huì)組織的特性,使它在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)獲得了廣泛接受和普遍化發(fā)展的趨勢,所以,官僚制,特別是政府官僚制掌握了越來越多的權(quán)力和社會(huì)資源,因此也擁有了越來越大的力量。與此相對比,民主的力量卻由于大眾力量的分散性和權(quán)力的代議性質(zhì)而處于相對弱勢的狀態(tài)。也正因?yàn)槿绱?官僚制的強(qiáng)勢力量才需要平抑,而民主的力量才需要維護(hù)和加強(qiáng)。在現(xiàn)代國家,官僚制行政權(quán)力擴(kuò)張的后果之一是國家民主機(jī)構(gòu)的“官僚制化”趨勢。對于這種趨勢的出現(xiàn),筆者認(rèn)為,在官僚制普遍發(fā)展的背景下民主機(jī)構(gòu)的官僚制化是不可避免的,而且也有一定的客觀必要性與合理性。但是,需要指出的是,民主機(jī)構(gòu)的官僚制化必須有一定的“限度”。如果民主機(jī)構(gòu)因過度地官僚制化而轉(zhuǎn)變成一種事實(shí)上的“官僚體制”,那么,歷史上那種官僚制一統(tǒng)天下的局面又會(huì)重新出現(xiàn),民主政治將不復(fù)存在,而專制政治則會(huì)在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)重新上演。因此,無論在官僚制行政權(quán)力的擴(kuò)張問題上,還是在民主機(jī)構(gòu)的官僚制化問題上,都要有一個(gè)“度”的把握。某一時(shí)期符合客觀需要的和適度的偏向,不僅是必須的而且是有益的。然而,過度的和極端的偏向則必然導(dǎo)致國家權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)的失衡,并可能由此導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重和危險(xiǎn)的后果。 盡管從較長的一個(gè)時(shí)期來看,現(xiàn)代官僚制仍然是現(xiàn)代國家政府管理過程中不可替代的工具組織和管理模式,但是,隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的不斷進(jìn)步和發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代民主政治力量的不斷增強(qiáng)和民主體制的日益完善,以及對官僚制自身缺陷和不足的不斷克服,必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致未來國家政府的官僚制模式發(fā)生重大的變化。本文在論述現(xiàn)代官僚制理論模式與現(xiàn)實(shí)政治實(shí)踐的差距的基礎(chǔ)上指出,在政治實(shí)踐中人們對官僚制種種弊端的批判和時(shí)代進(jìn)步與社會(huì)發(fā)展的新要求形成一種持續(xù)的壓力,不斷推動(dòng)現(xiàn)代官僚制的改革和完善,特別是20世紀(jì)中后期以來持續(xù)而深入的官僚制改革運(yùn)動(dòng),最終將導(dǎo)致一種適應(yīng)新的時(shí)代要求的“新官僚制”或“后官僚制”模式的出現(xiàn)。如果說19世紀(jì)時(shí)期現(xiàn)代官僚制剛剛建立起來的時(shí)候,現(xiàn)代國家政體內(nèi)民主的力量還比較薄弱的話,那么,隨著社會(huì)的不斷進(jìn)步和發(fā)展,民主的力量也在逐步的加強(qiáng)。因?yàn)?從整個(gè)現(xiàn)代國家發(fā)展來看,政治生活的日趨民主化和人性化是一個(gè)總的趨勢。因此,現(xiàn)代官僚制的自身發(fā)展和超越也必然會(huì)體現(xiàn)出這樣一種趨向,而走向一種民主官僚制的發(fā)展模式。 本文的主旨在于指出,在官僚制與現(xiàn)代民主政治之間,民主之于官僚制的重要性和必要性。換言之,離開民主政治機(jī)制的制約和控制的官僚制只能導(dǎo)致政治獨(dú)裁和專制,所以,一個(gè)國家必定不能只注重發(fā)展和加強(qiáng)國家政府機(jī)構(gòu)的行政權(quán)力而忽視民主機(jī)構(gòu)的建設(shè)和對人民自由和權(quán)利的保護(hù)。相反,如果不切實(shí)際地隨意削弱政府官僚機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)有的權(quán)威,那么,官僚機(jī)構(gòu)對民主機(jī)構(gòu)權(quán)力的制約和對民眾力量的規(guī)范和管理的力量就很弱小。一個(gè)虛弱政府統(tǒng)治之下的國家往往又會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種“立法專制”或“多數(shù)的暴政”。在這種情況下,以“民主”和“多數(shù)”的名義侵犯少數(shù)人的權(quán)利和利益的現(xiàn)象就不可避免。因此,討論、分析和研究官僚制與現(xiàn)代民主政治關(guān)系的理論價(jià)值就在于,它使我們明白,盡管官僚制是現(xiàn)代國家政治體制中日益擁有龐大規(guī)模、強(qiáng)大權(quán)力和廣泛資源的權(quán)力主體,其自主性和獨(dú)立性也因此而更加明顯,但是,我們時(shí)刻也不能忘記誰才是現(xiàn)代國家的真正主宰,什么才是現(xiàn)代民主國家的政治目標(biāo)和理想追求。只有這樣,我們才能在官僚制與民主政治之間的權(quán)力和力量的關(guān)系上保持清醒的頭腦,才能不被官僚制牽著鼻子走入政治的迷途。
[Abstract]:Throughout the history of human social and political development, the bureaucracy is almost a national political rule and a social governance system for any type of state. From the ancient monarchy to the democratic political state of the modern society, from the slavery state, the feudal state to the capitalistic and socialist countries, there is nothing to be done. A political state is able to maintain its rule without a type of bureaucracy. For a long time, bureaucracy, especially the bureaucracy before nineteenth Century, is mainly a political means of a state rule. In other words, bureaucracy is a maintenance of the interests of a few rulers (monarchs or aristocrats) and maintains its unity. However, with the gradual establishment and development of modern democratic countries, no matter what form of political dictatorship has been rejected by people, democracy has become the inevitable trend of historical development and the irreversible trend of the times. Therefore, under the background of democracy, the modern bureaucracy and the people are in the context of democracy. The relationship between the main politics has been increasingly concerned and studied.
This article starts from clarifying the concept of "bureaucracy", "bureaucracy" and "bureaucracy" and related problems. This provides a clear conceptual basis for the latter discussion, and also finds a relationship between the bureaucracy and the theme of democracy. The contribution and role of social development is understood by people, but it is better to be impressed by the bad influence of its bureaucratic maladies. Therefore, this article first analyzes the concepts of bureaucracy, bureaucracy and bureaucracy, and analyses the differences and connections between them objectively and neutrality, and to the officials. After identifying the basic concepts, the article first discusses the ancient bureaucratic system under the monarchy and modern bureaucracy under the modern democratic politics, the historical track and the institutional characteristics of them, and so on. Through this analysis, the author intends to show that the absence or lack of framework constraints of the democratic system is the root of the ancient bureaucratic system that causes the monarchy to infringe on the lives, property and freedom of the people. However, it does not exist without the restriction and control of the bureaucratic operation under the modern civil politics. Is the problem and the problem? Obviously, the answer is negative. Although the combination of modern bureaucracy and democratic politics has opened up a new chapter in the history of bureaucracy, the design of modern bureaucratic tool rationalism has also brought questions such as bureaucracy, which violates its duties and functions. Therefore, how to overcome the malpractice of bureaucracy so as to realize the truth The question of positive democracy has always been concerned, discussed and studied since the birth of modern bureaucracy.
The relationship between Bureaucracy and modern democracy is the theme and center of gravity of this article. So the fourth, fifth and six chapters of the article focus on this core. The relationship between Bureaucracy and modern democracy is located in a kind of relationship that is not only coordinated but also mutually opposite. The coordination table shows the institutional advantages between the two systems. In the two party, the article emphasizes and highlights the balance of power or power between the modern bureaucracy and the democratic politics, which is the most important political cause of the political stability and sustainable development and prosper prosperity of the modern state, in the relationship between the two systems. Otherwise, if the powers and forces of the state are biased towards any side of bureaucracy or democracy, it is possible to lead to the emergence of a dangerous political system. History has proved how the existence of totalitarian or extreme democracies will bring disaster to the development of the state and society. Therefore, our conclusion is that The "balance" of power or power between the two "sub systems" of modern bureaucracy and democratic political system under the mode of modern state politics. The excessive expansion of power and power of any party is the beginning of the people's life, property, freedom and rights being infringed and injured, and there is a tendency towards a dangerous administration. The potential of the system of governance, however, is the fact that modern state political practice provides us with the fact that the power and power of the modern state bureaucracy have an increasingly expanding trend, while the power and power of the democratic institutions are declining relatively. This expansion has and is causing the adverse effects and consequences of the state's political life and social development. Therefore, it is very important and meaningful to analyze, explore and seek the effective way to restrain the expansion of bureaucracy. This article describes Webb's theoretical assumptions about the restriction and control of bureaucracy, and points out that, through the restriction of the democratic mechanism, the democratic quality and management level of the bureaucracy, the decentralization of power and the deregulation, and the setting up of the bureaucracy are also pointed out. Establishing specialized agencies is the main way to eliminate the excessive expansion of bureaucracy.
Of course, the breaking of the power balance between the modern bureaucracy and the democratic politics is directly related to the objective needs of the modern state and the development of the society. It is also inseparable from the strong organizational strength of the bureaucracy and the weak characteristics of the democratic forces. The bureaucracy is suitable for the management of the characteristics of the large social organization and makes it available in the modern society. The trend of widely accepted and universal development is that bureaucracy, especially the bureaucracy of the government, has gained more and more power and social resources, and therefore has a growing power. In this way, the strong power of bureaucracy needs to be suppressed, and the power of democracy needs to be maintained and strengthened. In modern countries, one of the consequences of the expansion of bureaucratic administrative power is the "bureaucracy" trend of national democratic institutions. For this trend, the author believes that the bureaucracy of democratic institutions in the context of the general development of bureaucratic system. It is inevitable and has some objective necessity and rationality. However, it is necessary to point out that the bureaucracy of the democratic institutions must have a certain "limit". If the democratic institutions are transformed into a factual "bureaucratic system" because of excessive bureaucracy, the bureaucratic system of history is all over the world. It will reappear again, the democratic politics will not exist, and the autocratic politics will be restaged in the modern society. Therefore, there is a "degree" for the expansion of the bureaucratic administrative power and the bureaucracy of the democratic institutions. It is also beneficial. However, excessive and extreme bias will inevitably lead to the imbalance of state power structure and may result in serious and dangerous consequences.
Although from a long period of time, modern bureaucracy is still an irreplaceable tool organization and management model in the management process of the modern state government. However, with the continuous progress and development of modern society, the continuous enhancement of the modern democratic political power and the improvement of the daily benefit of the democratic system, as well as the defects and shortcomings of the bureaucracy itself. On the basis of discussing the gap between the theoretical model of the modern bureaucracy and the practical political practice, this paper points out that in the political practice, the criticism of the various drawbacks of the bureaucracy, the progress of the times and the new demands of the social development are formed in the political practice. Pressure, constantly promoting the reform and improvement of modern bureaucracy, especially the continuous and deep bureaucratic reform movement since the mid and late twentieth Century, will eventually lead to the emergence of a "new bureaucracy" or "post bureaucracy" model adapted to the requirements of the new era. If the modern bureaucracy has just been established in the nineteenth Century period, it will now be found. As the power of democracy in the state regime is still relatively weak, the strength of democracy is gradually strengthened with the continuous progress and development of the society. Because, from the development of the whole modern country, the increasingly democratic and humanized political life is a general trend. This trend is reflected in a development mode of democratic bureaucracy.
The main purpose of this article is to point out the importance and necessity of the bureaucracy between the bureaucracy and the modern democracy. In other words, the bureaucracy, which is restricted and controlled by the democratic political mechanism, can only lead to political dictatorship and autocracy. Therefore, a country must not only pay attention to the development and strengthening of the administrative power of the state government institutions. The construction of the democratic institutions and the protection of the freedom and rights of the people are ignored. On the contrary, if the authority of the government bureaucracy is weakened arbitrarily and arbitrarily, the power of the bureaucracy to the power of the democratic institutions and the power to regulate and manage the power of the masses is very weak. It will lead to a "legislative despotism" or a "majority tyranny". In this case, it is inevitable that the rights and interests of the minority are violated in the name of "democracy" and "majority". Therefore, the theoretical value of the discussion, analysis and study of the relationship between Bureaucracy and modern democracy lies in the fact that it makes us understand, despite bureaucracy, the bureaucracy. It is the main body of power in the modern state political system, which has a huge scale, powerful power and extensive resources, and its autonomy and independence are also more obvious. However, we can not forget who is the real master of the modern country and what is the political goal and ideal pursuit of the modern democracy. Only in this way can we keep a clear head in the relationship between power and power between Bureaucracy and democracy, so that we can not be led astray by bureaucracy.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廈門大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：D035;D521

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 董石桃;公民參與和民主發(fā)展[D];浙江大學(xué);2011年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 邱萍;社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)視閾下的增量民主研究[D];福建師范大學(xué);2011年

，

本文編號(hào)：1863626