本文選題：美國(guó) + 民族關(guān)系�。� 參考：《中央民族大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：美國(guó)是一個(gè)了不起的世界強(qiáng)國(guó),其現(xiàn)代政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、科技、文化的強(qiáng)勢(shì)舉世矚目。但是,美國(guó)自身存在的問(wèn)題也根深蒂固,以民族政治為核心的社會(huì)整合問(wèn)題即是其中之一,民族歧視是它的死結(jié)。盎格魯·遵從(Anglo-conformity)的白人至上的民族主義理念一直左右著美國(guó)的社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化各領(lǐng)域的機(jī)制的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。在美國(guó)230多年的歷史當(dāng)中,美國(guó)的民族關(guān)系經(jīng)歷了從與土著印第安人的對(duì)抗、奴役黑人到今天的多元文化共處,民族關(guān)系也經(jīng)歷了一些結(jié)構(gòu)性的調(diào)整,大致出現(xiàn)了民族滅絕、民族強(qiáng)制同化、民族歧視、民族多元文化、及文化沖突等民族關(guān)系理論階段,美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府也對(duì)其少數(shù)民族實(shí)施了民族滅絕、民族強(qiáng)制同化、民族隔離及多元文化政策。 美國(guó)自獨(dú)立以來(lái),美國(guó)政府一直在尋求一種鍛造美國(guó)文化的途徑,試圖把來(lái)自世界各地的人經(jīng)過(guò)美國(guó)的這個(gè)大坩堝的提煉而鍛造成為一種嶄新的文化和民族。民族間彼此尊重是民族關(guān)系交往中的前提和基礎(chǔ),沒(méi)有這個(gè)前提就不存在平等的基礎(chǔ)。美國(guó)的同化主要是針對(duì)非盎格魯·撒格遜文化而言的,在同化的過(guò)程中清教主義、社會(huì)達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化論、韋伯命題、亨利·摩根索的民族主義；托馬斯·潘恩的民族奠基意識(shí)、亞歷山大·漢密爾頓的盎格魯遵從、杜威的實(shí)用主義與多元文化主義、羅爾斯的自由主義、亨廷頓的文明沖突論等都對(duì)其民族政策的形成有重大的影響和作用。 美國(guó)的民族問(wèn)題,較之世界其他各地區(qū)有明顯的特點(diǎn)和不同,一是體現(xiàn)在先期移民與土著之間發(fā)生的沖突,二是體現(xiàn)在移民之間,即多數(shù)移民和少數(shù)移民之間的沖突。在這些問(wèn)題的前提下,形成了其獨(dú)特的民族關(guān)系及其調(diào)控措施。 “盎格魯·遵從”白人種族主義優(yōu)越論是影響美國(guó)民族關(guān)系的毒瘤。美國(guó)民族關(guān)系的發(fā)展一直是以一種扭曲、猙獰的面目展現(xiàn)在世人面前。對(duì)抗與消極對(duì)抗的斗爭(zhēng)一直存在于美國(guó)民族關(guān)系的發(fā)展中,在美國(guó)民族關(guān)系演變的過(guò)程中,除了白人未曾受到民族歧視和民族迫害外,其他民族無(wú)一幸免。21世紀(jì)的今天,非裔奧巴馬當(dāng)上了美國(guó)總統(tǒng),這種情況并未發(fā)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的改變。 馬克思主義唯物辯證法是我們的思想武器,我們應(yīng)該承認(rèn)美國(guó)政府在處理和解決民族及族裔問(wèn)題方面,美國(guó)“大熔爐”的強(qiáng)制同化與同化政策意在冶煉美國(guó)人的核心價(jià)值認(rèn)同方面的成功,否則也沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)大的美國(guó)。現(xiàn)在,非裔美國(guó)人、亞裔、西班牙語(yǔ)裔等各民族在認(rèn)同這一價(jià)值的同時(shí),仍需要謀求平等和公正。美國(guó)一方面聲稱(chēng)人人平等,強(qiáng)調(diào)天賦人權(quán)理念,癡人說(shuō)夢(mèng)般地臆想“無(wú)差別”的社會(huì),一方面又給每個(gè)人指定和限定了一個(gè)難以改變其民族身份歸屬、延續(xù)依照民族歸類(lèi)的政策,這其中的邏輯令人尋味與思考。 在全球化進(jìn)程不斷加快的今天,盎格魯·遵從理論與美國(guó)信念正在被多元文化所搖撼。美國(guó)是一個(gè)移民國(guó)家,這也就決定了它的民族關(guān)系和民族問(wèn)題較之其他傳統(tǒng)國(guó)家更為復(fù)雜,民族歧視這顆毒瘤不除,民族關(guān)系便難以達(dá)到和諧的程度。 我國(guó)作為多元一體和一體多元的統(tǒng)一多民族國(guó)家,如何避免美國(guó)在處理民族關(guān)系與制定民族政策方面存在的的不足與錯(cuò)誤,堅(jiān)定不移地走中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路,進(jìn)一步完善具有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義民族理論體系,實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)各民族共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展,達(dá)到中國(guó)各民族和睦相處、和衷共濟(jì)、和諧發(fā)展,這也是本文研究的目的和意義之所在。
[Abstract]:The United States is a great world power, with its modern political, economic, military, scientific and cultural strength to attract worldwide attention. However, the problems of its own existence are deeply rooted, and the social integration problem at the core of national politics is one of them, and national discrimination is its death. The white supremacy of Anglo compliance (Anglo-conformity) is supreme. In the history of more than 230 years in the United States, American national relations have gone through the confrontation with indigenous Indians, enslaved black people to today's multicultural coexistence, and some structural adjustments have been experienced in the relationship between the people and the people. At the stage of national relationship theory, such as national extinction, national compulsory assimilation, ethnic discrimination, ethnic multiculturalism and cultural conflict, the federal government has also carried out national extinction, national compulsory assimilation, national isolation and multicultural policy to its ethnic minorities.
Since independence, the United States has been seeking a way to forge American culture, trying to forge a new culture and nation through the refinement of the big crucible from all over the world. Mutual respect among nations is a prerequisite and foundation in the association of ethnic relations without this premise. The American assimilation is mainly aimed at non Anglo Saxon culture. In the process of assimilation, Puritanism, social Darwin evolution, Webb's proposition, Henry Morgenthau's nationalism; Thomas Paine's national foundational consciousness, Alexander Han Milton's oy compliance, pragmatism and pragmatism of Dewey Multiculturalism, Rawls's liberalism and Huntington's clash of civilizations all have a great influence on the formation of their national policies.
The national problems in the United States have obvious characteristics and differences compared with the other regions of the world. One is the conflict between the pre emigrants and the aborigines, and the two is the conflict between the immigrants, that is, the majority of the immigrants and the minority immigrants. On the premise of these problems, their unique ethnic relations and their control measures have been formed.
"Anglo obedience" is a malignant tumor affecting American ethnic relations. The development of American national relations has always been displayed in front of the world with a distorted and ferocious face. The struggle against negative confrontation has always existed in the development of American national relations, in the process of the evolution of American national relations. The whites had not been discriminated against and persecuted by ethnic groups, and the other nationalities survived the.21 century, when African American Obama became president of the United States, and this situation had not changed substantially.
Marx's materialist dialectics is our ideological weapon. We should recognize that the American government's policy of assimilation and assimilation in the "melting pot" of the United States is intended to succeed in smelting American core values, otherwise there is no powerful American. Now, African American. At the same time, the Asian, Spanish and other ethnic groups still need to seek equality and justice. On the one hand, the United States claims that everyone is equal, emphasizes the idea of natural human rights, imaginary "undifferentiated" society, and, on the one hand, assign and restrict each person to change its national identity and continue to follow. The logic of ethnic categorization is interesting and ponder.
Today, the process of globalization is accelerating, Anglo compliance theory and American belief are being shaken by multiculturalism. The United States is an immigrant country, which decides that its ethnic relations and ethnic issues are more complex than other traditional countries. Ethnic discrimination, a tumor that does not eliminate, is difficult to reach a degree of harmony.
As a multi-ethnic and integrated multi-ethnic country, China can avoid the shortcomings and mistakes of the United States in dealing with ethnic relations and formulating national policies, unswervingly take the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and further improve the socialistic national theory system with Chinese characteristics so as to achieve a total of all ethnic groups in China. It is also the purpose and significance of this paper to work together and strive for common prosperity and development to achieve harmony and harmonious development among all ethnic groups in China.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D771.2

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